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The Revolt of 1916 in Russian Central Asia
by
Edward Dennis Sokol

Preface xi

The Revolt of 1916

1

The Economic Background to the Revolt of 1916

11

The Political Background to the Revolt of 1916

37

The Revolt of 1916: First Phase

67

The Revolt of 1916: Second Phase

95

The End of the Revolt

139

The Revolt in Retrospect

165
Bibliography 181
[decorative delimiter]

Technical Details

Edition Used

The edition transcribed here was the 2016 reprint of the original edition of 1954. (The 2016 edition adds only an introduction by S. Frederick Starr, well worth reading but under copyright so of course not reproduced on this site; and a slight reworking of the map). The 1954 copyright was not renewed at the appropriate time (1981‑1982) as then required by American law, and the work therefore rose into the public domain on January 1, 1983. (Details here on the copyright law involved.)

Map

The book is unillustrated, except for a single black-and‑white map, facing p64 in the 1954 edition (in the reprint moved to the introductory material, with a few minor improvements). The geography of Turkestan is so central to the narrative that counter to my usual practice, I insert the 1954 map here on the orientation page, colorized to make it more readable — but mostly, for convenience, I provide a link to it at the top of each chapter: where the large version of the map will open in its own window.


[image ALT: A map of an area of southern central Asia showing Russian Turkestan (the modern countries of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tadjikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan), the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea, and Lake Baikal as well as a few of the principal rivers: the Volga, the Syr Darya, the Amu Darya.]

Pagination and Local Links

For citation and indexing purposes, the pagination of the 1954 edition is shown in the right margin of the text at the page turns, and that of the 2016 reprint in the left margin (like at the ends of this line); (p57)  p54  these are also local anchors. Sticklers for total accuracy will of course find the anchor at its exact place in the sourcecode.

In addition, I've inserted a number of other local anchors: whatever links might be required to accommodate the author's own cross-references, as well as a few others for my own purposes. If in turn you have a website and would like to target a link to some specific passage of the text, please let me know: I'll be glad to insert a local anchor there as well.

Proofreading

As almost always, I retyped the text by hand rather than scanning it — not only to minimize errors prior to proofreading, but as an opportunity for me to become intimately familiar with the work, an exercise I heartily recommend: Qui scribit, bis legit. (Well-meaning attempts to get me to scan text, if success­ful, would merely turn me into some kind of machine: gambit declined.)

My transcription has been minutely proofread. In the table of contents above, the sections are shown on blue backgrounds, indicating that I believe the text of them to be completely errorfree. As elsewhere onsite, the header bar at the top of each chapter's webpage will remind you with the same color scheme.

Both the reprint and original printed edition were well proofread, even if the author does persist in one egregious mistake thruout Chapter 4, referring to the "Hungary Steppe" instead of the correct "Hungry Steppe"; the map gets it right. Of mild interest also, the reprint corrects one mistake in the original, but at several points elsewhere introduces its own errors. That said, the few that I spotted are all trivial, and I've therefore marked them with a dotted underscore like this: as elsewhere on my site, glide your cursor over the underscored words to read what was actually printed. Conversions of measurements to metric units are given by a similar underscore, e.g., 10 miles.

A number of odd spellings, curious turns of phrase, etc. have been marked <!‑‑ sic  in the sourcecode, just to confirm that they were checked.

Any mistakes are therefore almost certainly my own: if you find one then, please drop me a line; especially if you're looking at a printed copy of the book in front of you.



[image ALT: A rather arid landscape traversed by a wide river flowing towards the viewer; on which is superimposed the date '1916'. The river is the Araxes; the image serves as the icon on this site for 'The Revolt of 1916 in Russian Central Asia' by Edward Dennis Sokol.]

Other than the map, the book has no illustrations. The icon I use to indicate this subsite is a montage based on a beauti­ful photograph taken by my friend Dutch historian Jona Lendering of a central Asian landscape, albeit west of the Caspian Sea and thus just outside the area concerning us here. The original photograph can be seen onsite full-size, illustrating a patch of Herodotus.


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