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1200 (about) | Farming developed by the Sicelians. |
800 (about) | Cumae founded by the Greeks. |
735 | Naxos founded by the Chalcidians. |
734 | Syracuse founded by the Corinthians. |
721 | Sybaris founded by the Achaeans. |
715 | Crotona founded by the Achaeans. |
708 | Tarentum founded by Spartans, called Partheniae. |
700 (about) | Catania, Leontini, and Zancle founded by Chalcidians and Ionians. |
700 (about) | Megara Hyblaea founded by the Dorians. |
700 (about) | Rhegium founded by the Messenians. |
700 (about) | Metapontum, Poseidonia, and Terina founded by the Achaeans. |
700 (about) | Selinus founded by Dorians from Megara. |
690 | Gela founded by Dorians from Rhodes. |
648 | Himera founded by Ionians. |
580 | Akragas founded by Dorians. |
570 (about) | Pythagoras born at Samos. |
485 | Gelon becomes tyrant of Syracuse. |
480 | Hamilcar of Carthage besieges Himera. |
478 | Hiero succeeds Gelon as tyrant of Syracuse. |
473 | Pindar visits the court of Hiero. |
468 | Death of Hiero and accession of Thrasybulus. |
467 | Simonides dies at Syracuse. |
p378 465 | Syracuse, Akragas, etc., become independent commonwealths. |
461 | Ducetius heads a rising of Sicelians. |
456 | Aeschylus dies at Gela. |
415 | Athenian expedition against Syracuse, led by Nicias, Alcibiades, and Lamachus. |
413 | The Syracusans, led by Gylippus the Spartan, defeat the Athenians. |
409 | The Carthaginians, led by the second Hannibal, take Selinus and Himera. |
406 | Hermocrates returns from exile, and is killed at Syracuse. |
406 | Hannibal dies of the plague, and Akragas surrenders to his father Himilcon. |
405 | Dionysius becomes tyrant of Syracuse. |
397 | Dionysius declares war against Carthage. |
395 | Dionysius defeats the Carthaginians and destroys their fleet. |
367 | Death of Dionysius, and accession of his son, Dionysius II. |
356 | Dionysius II dethroned by his brother-in‑law, Dion. |
353 | Dion assassinated by Callippus. |
346 | Second tyranny of Dionysius II. |
343 | Timoleon deposes Dionysius II and interrupts the tyranny. |
339 | Timoleon defeats the Carthaginians. |
337 | Death of Timoleon. |
317 | Agathocles makes himself tyrant. |
289 | Death of Agathocles. |
287 | Archimedes born. |
278 | Pyrrhus, called in by the Syracusans, defeats the Carthaginians. |
276 | Pyrrhus leaves Sicily. |
p379 270 | Hiero II made king of Syracuse. |
270 (about) | Theocritus is at the court of Hiero. |
265 | The Mamertines appeal from Messina to Rome for aid. |
264 | First Punic war begins, called in Rome "the Sicilian war." |
262 | The Romans besiege Akragas, thenceforth known as Agrigentum. |
260 | First Roman fleet built. |
255 | The Romans, led by Regulus, are totally defeated by the Carthaginians. |
254 | The Romans take Drepanon, thenceforth known as Drepanum. |
253 | The Romans lose a fleet. |
242 | The Romans take Lilybaeum. |
215 | Hiero II dies, and is succeeded by his grandson, Hieronymus. |
213 | The Romans massacre the inhabitants of Henna. |
212 | Syracuse taken by Marcellus. |
212 | Archimedes slain by a common soldier after the fall of Syracuse. |
210 | The Romans take Agrigentum, and Sicily becomes a Roman province. |
202 | Scipio of Africa assembles his fleet at Lilybaeum before the battle of Zama. |
139 | Sicilian slaves revolt against the Romans. |
132 | Publius Rupilius, the consul, puts down the first servile insurrection. |
104 | Insurrection in Campania led by the knight Vettius. |
99 | Manlius Aquillius, the consul, finally crushes out the servile revolts. |
79 | Cicero is quaestor in Sicily. |
73 | Verres obtains the propraetorship of Sicily by lot. |
p380 70 | Verres is tried in Rome, and retires to Marseilles. |
47 | Julius Caesar assembles his fleet at Lilybaeum for his African campaign. |
43 | Sextus Pompeius becomes master of all Sicily. |
39 | Treaty between Sextus Pompeius, Octavian, and Mark Antony signed at Baiae. |
36 | Sextus Pompeius expelled by Octavian. |
21 | Augustus, formerly Octavian, visits Sicily. |
A.D. | |
40 | Saint Pancras, first bishop of Sicily, said to have been ordained by Saint Peter. |
126 | Hadrian visits Sicily. |
164 | Saint Victor and Saint Corona martyred under Marcus Aurelius. |
252 | Saint Agatha and three others martyred by the praetor Quintianus. |
280 | Syracuse plundered by roving Franks. |
284 | Seventy-five Christians martyred under Diocletian. |
307 | Saint Lucy martyred at Syracuse under Galerius. |
310 | Saint Nympha martyred under Galerius. |
410 | Alaric the Goth dies at Cosenza in Calabria. |
440 | Sicily laid waste by the Vandals under Genseric. |
456 | The Vandals defeated by the Romans near Agrigentum. |
475 | Peace concluded between the Vandals and Goths under Genseric and Odoacer. |
451 | The Synod of Chalcedon confirms the action of the Synod of Constantinople (381), which gave the Bishop of Rome precedence over all others. |
472 | Ricimer the Goth, who had captured Rome, dies. |
475 | Romulus Augustulus created Emperor of the West. |
476 | Romulus Augustulus deposed by Odoacer, the Goth. |
488 | Theodoric the Ostrogoth invades Italy. |
489 | Theodoric overcomes Odoacer in battle at Verona. |
493 | Theodoric murders Odoacer and proclaims himself King of Italy. |
500 (about) | A basilica dedicated to Saint Michael the Archangel, at Monte Gargano, in Manfredonia. |
526 | Theodoric puts Boethius and Symmachus to death. |
526 | Theodoric succeeded by his daughter Amalasuntha. |
527 | Justinian becomes Emperor of the East. |
535 | Amalasuntha assassinated, and Justinian sends Belisarius to avenge her death. |
535 | Belisarius takes Palermo and Naples. Sicily becomes part of the Eastern Empire. |
536 | Rome besieged by the Goths, who are forced to retire by Belisarius. |
p388 540 | Belisarius leaves Italy. |
540 (about) | Gregory the Great born. |
544 | Totila the Goth besieges and takes Naples. |
546 | Totila besieges and takes Rome, but evacuates it, and it is reoccupied by Belisarius. |
549 | Totila takes Reggio, crosses the straits, and ravages Sicily. |
549 | Belisarius returns to Constantinople, and Totila again seizes Rome. |
552 | Narses defeats the Goths in battle, and Totila is slain. |
553 | Narses expels the Goths, and Italy is again part of the Eastern Empire. |
568 | Italy first invaded by the Lombards. |
570 | Mohammed born. |
590 | Autharis, the Lombard, dies at Ticinum. |
590 | Gregory the Great becomes Pope. |
610 (about) | Mohammed begins to propagate his doctrines. |
622 | The Hejira, or flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina. |
652 | The Mohammedans raid and despoil Sicily. |
668 | The Emperor Constans murdered in his bath at Syracuse by a slave. |
717 | The Emperor Leo the Isaurian decrees the removal of all images from churches. |
766 | Antiochus, governor of Sicily, martyred at Constantinople for refusing to obey the decree against images. |
772 | Jacob, Bishop of Catania, suffers martyrdom for the same cause. |
787 | The Empress Irene revokes Leo's decree against images. |
826 | The troops in Sicily rise against the Emperor Michael Balbus. |
p389 827 | Sicily invaded by a Saracen army. |
829 | Mineo and Mazzara taken by the Saracens. |
831 | Messina taken by the Saracens. |
832 | Palermo taken by the Saracens after a disastrous siege. |
842 | Sicily ravaged by a plague of locusts. |
842 | Italy invaded by the Saracens, who settle at Bari. |
845 | The fortresses of Modica taken by the Saracens. |
845 | A Saracen fleet defeated by the united forces of Amalfi, Gaeta, and Sorrento, led by Duke Sergius of Naples. |
846 | Nine thousand Greeks slain by the Saracens before Castrogiovanni. |
847 | Leontini taken by the Saracens. |
848 | Ragusa taken by the Saracens. |
848 | Italy suffers from a great famine. |
849 | A Mohammedan army attacks Rome and is defeated by Pope Leo IV. |
854 | Butera besieged by the Saracens. |
858 | Aghlab, first Mohammedan governor of Sicily, dies at Palermo. |
859 | The Emir Abas, second Mohammedan governor of Sicily, overruns the country, and takes Castrogiovanni. |
863 (about) | A quarrel between the Bishop of Syracuse and the Patriarch of Constantinople leads to the Schism of the East and West, which divides the Greek and Catholic churches. |
870 | Malta taken by the Saracens. |
872 | The Saracens attempt to take Salerno, but are defeated. |
878 | Syracuse taken and laid waste by the Saracens. |
p390 950 (about) | Ibn Haukal, an Arab traveller and writer, visits Palermo. |
995 (about) | Forty Norman pilgrims rout a Saracen host outside Salerno, and on their return invite other Norman nobles to occupy Italy. |
1019 | The Normans, led by Raoul de Toëni, and the Lombards, under Meles, are outnumbered and defeated by the Byzantines, on Hannibal's battlefield of Cannae. |
1030 | Rainulf builds and fortifies Aversa, near Naples, the first Norman city in Italy. |
1034 | Civil war in Italy, and the Saracens ask the Greeks to intervene. |
1038 | An army of Greek mercenaries, and a small band of Normans, cross the straits, and defeat the Saracens at Messina. |
1039 | Guaimar, Greek Duke of Salerno, takes possession of Amalfi, and afterwards of Sorrento. |
1041 | The Normans defeat the Greeks in three pitched battles, in spite of heavy odds. |
1042 | Maniaces, the Greek General, is unable to make his soldiers face the Normans. |
1043 | Quarrel about the lands of Monte Cassino, between Pandolph the Wolf, Guaimar of Salerno, and Rainulf of Aversa. |
1046 | Apulia revolts against Constantinople. |
1046 | The Emperor Henry III makes Clement II Pope. |
1047 | The Emperor and the Pope attempt to pacify and organize Southern Italy, without success. |
1052 | Guaimar, Duke of Salerno, murdered by men of Amalfi. |
1053 | Pope Leo IX dies, and the division between the Eastern and Western Churches becomes permanent. |
p391 1053 | The Normans, led by Humphrey of Apulia, Richard of Aversa, and Robert Guiscard, defeat the Germans and Lombards in battle near Monte Gargano. |
1057 | Robert Guiscard succeeds his brother Humphrey as Count of Apulia. |
1058 | Pope Nicholas II visits Apulia, and returns to Rome at the head of a Norman army. |
1060 | The Norman Count Roger, afterwards known as "the Great Count," with sixty knights, raids Sicily from Reggio. |
1061 | Count Roger, with four hundred and forty knights, captures Messina. |
1061 | Count Roger marries Judith, daughter of William of Evreux, at Mileto. |
1062 | Count Roger and his wife besieged by the Saracens at Troina. |
1064 | Count Roger and Robert Guiscard make a futile attempt to take Palermo. |
1068 | Count Roger wins a decisive battle over the Saracens at Misilmeri, near Palermo. |
1068 | Robert Guiscard puts down an insurrection of the Greeks in Apulia. |
1071 | Robert Guiscard takes Bari, after a long siege. |
1072 | Robert Guiscard and Count Roger besiege and take Palermo. |
1073 | Robert Guiscard is desperately ill, but recovers. |
1083 | Robert Guiscard takes an army as far as Rome, burns half the city, and routs the Emperor Henry IV. |
1084 | Robert Guiscard dies at Durazzo. |
1085 | Calabria invaded by the Arab Ben Arwet. |
1086 | Count Roger defeats and kills Ben Arwet at Syracuse. |
p392 1089 | Judith, wife of Count Roger, dies. |
1091 | Noto capitulates, which completes the Norman conquest of Sicily. |
1091 | Count Roger takes Malta. |
1094 | Count Roger helps his nephew, Roger, to repress the rebellion of Grantmesnil, in Castrovillari. |
1101 | Roger the Great Count dies at Mileto. |
1127 | Roger of Sicily, son of the Great Count, takes possession of Apulia. |
1130 | Roger crowned King of Sicily at Palermo. |
1139 | King Roger takes Pope Innocent II prisoner at San Germano, and obtains investiture of Sicily, Apulia, and Capua. |
1149 | King Roger rescues and entertains Lewis VII of France, on his way home from the Second Crusade. |
1154 | King Roger succeeded by his second son, William the Bad. |
1166 | William the Bad succeeded by his son William II, the Good. |
1189 | William the Good succeeded by Tancred, a natural son of William the Bad's elder brother. |
1194 | Tancred dies, leaving his crown to his young son, William III. |
1194 | William III deposed by the Emperor Henry VI of Hohenstaufen, who claims the crown through his wife Constance, daughter of King Roger. |
1194 | The Emperor Frederick II, son of Henry and Constance, born at Palermo. |
1197 | Henry VI dies at Castrogiovanni, and his widow crowns her son Frederick King of Sicily. |
1197 | Queen Constance dies, leaving the Pope guardian of her son. |
p393 1208 | Frederick II declared of age, and married to Constance of Aragon. |
1212 | Frederick goes to Germany to claim his Empire. |
1220 | Frederick is crowned in Rome, and returns to Sicily. |
1239 | Frederick establishes his Mohammedan colonists in Apulia, in the town called from them Lucera de' Saraceni. |
1250 | Frederick dies at Castel Fiorentino, in Apulia, and is succeeded by his second son Conrad. |
1253 | Pope Innocent IV names Charles of Anjou King of Sicily, Duke of Apulia, and Prince of Capua. |
1254 | Conrad succeeded by his son Conradin, two years old, whose guardian is his half-uncle, Manfred, a natural son of Frederick II. |
1258 | Manfred takes the crown of Sicily, promising to leave it to his nephew at his death. |
1263 | Charles of Anjou authorized by Pope Urban IV to begin the conquest of the south. |
1266 | Manfred slain at the battle of Benevento, and Charles of Anjou created King of Naples and Sicily by Pope Clement IV. |
1268 | Conradin loses the battle of Tagliacozzo, and is betrayed and sold to Charles. |
1268 | Conradin beheaded at Naples. |
1282 | Massacre of the French by the Italians, known as the Sicilian Vespers, takes place at Palermo on Easter Monday. |
1282 | King Peter of Aragon, husband of Constance the daughter of Manfred, summoned by the nobles, drives out Charles of Anjou, and becomes King of Sicily. |
1285 | Peter III of Aragon and I of Sicily leaves the latter kingdom to his second son James the Just. |
p394 1285 | Charles of Anjou succeeded in his Kingdom of Naples by his son Charles II. |
1291 | James I, the Just, succeeds to the throne of Aragon as James II, leaving that of Sicily to his brother Frederick II. |
1296 | Frederick II elected king by the Sicilian Parliament after an interregnum of four years. |
1309 | Charles II of Naples succeeded in that kingdom by his third son, Robert the Wise. |
1337 | Frederick II of Sicily succeeded by his son Peter II, who is crowned during his father's lifetime. |
1342 | Peter II dies without male issue, and the crown of Sicily goes to Lewis, son of Peter IV of Aragon. |
1343 | Robert the Wise succeeded on the throne of Naples by his granddaughter, Joan I, sixteen years old, married to her cousin Andrew, brother of the King of Hungary. |
1345 | Andrew, consort of Queen Joan, murdered at Aversa with her connivance. |
1349 | The great basilica at Monte Cassino destroyed by an earthquake. |
1355 | Lewis of Sicily succeeded by his younger brother, Frederick III. |
1377 | Frederick III of Sicily succeeded by his daughter Mary, and her husband, Martin of Aragon. |
1381 | Charles III of Durazzo enters Naples, takes the crown, and imprisons his cousin Joan I at Muro. |
1382 | Joan I murdered at Muro. |
1386 | Charles III of Durazzo succeeded on the throne of Naples by his son Ladislaus. |
1402 | Mary I, Queen of Sicily, succeeded by her husband, Martin I. |
p395 1409 | Martin I of Sicily dies without issue, succeeded by his father, Martin II of Sicily and I of Aragon, which reunites the two kingdoms. |
1409 | Martin II dies, and Blanche of Navarre, widow of Martin I, is vicar and lieutenant of Sicily, there being seven claimants to the throne. |
1410 | Bernardo Cabrera, Count of Modica, attempts to marry Blanche and seize the crown of Sicily. |
1412 | Ferdinand the Just crowned King of Sicily and Aragon, succeeding his uncle, Martin II of Sicily and I of Aragon. |
1414 | Ladislaus of Naples succeeded by his sister Joanna II. |
1416 | Saint Francis of Paola born at Paola, in Calabria. |
1416 | Alfonso V, the Magnanimous, succeeds his father, Ferdinand the Just, as King of Sicily and Aragon. |
1435 | Joanna II of Naples, last of the Durazzo line, appoints as her successor by her will Renéº of Anjou, Duke of Lorraine. |
1442 | René of Anjou, "the Good King René," expelled from Naples by Alfonso the Magnanimous, who claims the throne through the female line, and unites the kingdoms of Naples, Sicily, and Aragon. |
1453 | The Sultan Mohammed II storms Constantinople. |
1458 | Alfonso I, the Magnanimous, bequeaths Naples to his son Ferdinand, and Sicily to his younger brother John. |
1479 | John II of Sicily, Aragon, and Navarre succeeded by his son Ferdinand II of Sicily and V of Aragon, "The Catholic." |
p396 1494 | Ferdinand I of Naples succeeded by his eldest son, Alfonso II, Duke of Calabria. |
1495 | Alfonso II abdicates in favour of his eldest son, Ferdinand II. |
1495 | King Charles VIII of France takes Naples. |
1496 | Ferdinand II succeeded by his uncle, Frederick IV. |
1500 | By the Treaty of Granada, Ferdinand the Catholic, of Sicily and Spain, and Lewis XII of France, agree to divide the kingdom of Naples between them. |
1503 | Tournament between French and Italian knights, known as the "Sfida di Barletta." |
1504 | Frederick IV dies of grief, and Ferdinand the Catholic becomes King of Naples and Sicily. |
1515 | Joan III, daughter of Ferdinand the Catholic and Isabella his wife, succeeds her father. |
1516 | Pope Leo X almost captured by the Barbary pirates. |
1516 | Joan III abdicates in favour of her son Charles IV, afterwards the Emperor Charles V. |
1519 | Charles V elected to the empire of Germany, for which Francis I is also a candidate. |
1524 | Battle of Sesia, between the French and Italians, at which the Chevalier Bayard is slain. |
1525 | Charles V defeats and captures Francis I of France at the battle of Pavia. |
1529 | Treaty of peace at Cambrai, by which Francis I abandons his claim to Italy. |
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Page updated: 20 Apr 08