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 p372  Ukrainian Historiography in Galicia

In Galicia, circumstances accompanying the development of historical sciences were different. Polish rule over West-Ukrainian territories, with denial of any kind of autonomy and existing hostility between the authorities and the Ukrainian population, did not favor Ukrainian science at all, particularly historical science. Ukrainian Chairs in Lviv University were abolished. The Shevchenko Scientific Society was deprived of all state subsidy for a long time. Only voluntary aid from the Ukrainian community, both moral and financial, and dedicated work on the part of Ukrainian scholars accounted for the fact that Ukrainian historical science not only did not die out in this area, but continued growing and created new values. What is more, following the purge of Ukrainian historical science in the Ukrainian SSR in the thirties, Galicia became the only Ukrainian territory where Ukrainian historians could work in freedom more or less.

What favored this development was the fact that the Polish authorities, although alien and hostile, did not interfere in the internal affairs of Ukrainian science nor in its methodological fundamentals, as was the case in the Ukrainian SSR. Ukrainian historiography in Galicia maintained the best traditions of pre-war historical science, and its leader­ship remained in the hands of those historians who had been part of the M. Hrushevsky school. It was equally important that the traditional center of free Ukrainian science, the Shevchenko Scientific Society (see supra), survived and assumed the leader­ship of all scholar­ly work in the field of Ukrainian history in Galicia. It was precisely thanks to  p373 the Shevchenko Scientific Society that Ukrainian science in Galicia, deprived of its own university, managed to create and develop its own centers of scientific research.

The work of Ukrainian historians in the Dnieper Ukraine and abroad exerted considerable ideological influence upon Ukrainian historical science in Galicia. The high standards of Ukrainian historiography in the Dnieper Ukraine in the twenties influenced Ukrainian historians in Galicia with respect to scientific ideas and organization. Here the activities of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences and of its Historical Section, headed by M. Hrushevsky, were particularly influential. Galician historians not only published their works in publications of VUAN and of its Historical Section, but even directly participated in the activities of the latter. M. Hrushevsky, in the spirit and tradition of united Ukrainian historiography, set the common efforts of Ukrainian historians toward solving the general problems of Ukrainian history above state boundaries and above regimes. And when in the early thirties the all-Ukrainian center in Kiev was destroyed and Ukrainian historiography in the Ukrainian SSR was stifled, Galician Ukrainian historians continued the work, keeping in contact with Ukrainian emigre scholars in Prague, Warsaw, Berlin and Paris.

This situation determined the special role of Galician historians in developing modern Ukrainian historiography and made possible not only mutual understanding among Ukrainian historians throughout the whole Ukraine during World War II, but also common undertakings by emigres throughout the whole free world.

The main center of Ukrainian historical science in Galicia continued to be the Shevchenko Scientific Society, especially its Historical-Philosophical Section headed by Professor I. Krypyakevych. The Section had among its active members both older historians who had begun their scholar­ly activities in the days of M. Hrushevsky (B. Barvinsky, V. Herasymchuk, F. Holiychuk, D. Korenets', I. Krevetsky, F. Sribnyi, O. Terletsky and others) and younger scholars who first appeared on the scientific scene in  p374 the twenties and thirties (M. Andrusiak, I. Vytanovych, R. Zubyk, and others). A new generation of historians made their appearance in the thirties, drawn to work in the Shevchenko Scientific Society by Professor Krypyakevych (I. Karpynets', T. Kostruba, O. Pritsak and others).

The need for specific work and for establishment of a series of commissions became evident as the Shevchenko Scientific Society developed its historical research in the thirties, and united within its ranks older and younger researchers as well as promising young students. Accordingly, in 1938 the following historical commissions were active in the Historical-Philosophical Section: Ancient Ukrainian History (Chairman I. Krypyakevych), Modern Ukrainian History (Chairman I. Vytanovych), Historical Sources (Chairman O. Terletsky). Research work was devoted mainly to local history (the Galician-Volynian State of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Galicia between the eighteenth and twentieth centuries, etc.), but the researchers' interest and attention frequently reached beyond local matters and embraced problems of general Ukrainian significance. The tradition of the times of M. Hrushevsky favored this trend, which was continued by his Galician disciples. Particularly influential in this respect was the personal scientific interest of the older generation of historians, especially of I. Krypyakevych who success­fully carried on his studies of the history of the Cossack period and of the Cossack-Hetman State. This trend took further root after the liquidation of the Kiev historical center in the early thirties, when the Lviv center again assumed a general Ukrainian character.

It was of great importance that the principal publication of the Shevchenko Scientific Society, its Zapysky (ZNTSH, Proceedings (also referred to as Memoirs)), and other publications of the Society and of its Historical-Philosophical Section included for the most part historical studies of Galician scholars as well as those of emigres, and (in the 1920s) even of Ukrainian Soviet scholars. Here were published works of M. Andrusiak, B. Barvinsky, M. Chubaty, M. Korduba, I. Krevetsky, I. Krypyakevych, M. Voznyak and others from Galicia; and of V. Bidnov, I. Borshchak,  p375 D. Doroshenko, M. Hrushevsky, I. Losky, S. Narizhnyi, D. Olyanchyn, M. Petrovsky, M. Vasylenko, A. Yakovliv and A. Yershov from the Dnieper Ukraine.

Along with the Shevchenko Scientific Society publications there was an attempt to publish an historical (or historical-philological) periodical of a broader nature which would contain scientific studies, scientific popularizations, documentary material, scientific chronicles, reviews and bibliography. The first and very success­ful attempt was the monthly Stara Ukrayina (The Old Ukraine) edited by I. Krevetsky, It had, however, a life of only two years (1924 and 1925). The second periodical was Syohochasne i Mynule (The Present and the Past) edited by I. Rakovsky and V. Simovych. It was started in 1939 and its publication was interrupted by the war and the Soviet occupation; only three issues came out.⁠277

Religious and scientific-theological institutions and societies also developed much attention to historical research, chiefly in the field of Ukrainian Church history. Especially noteworthy is the Ukrainian Theological Scientific Society in Lviv with its publications, among them the quarterly Bohosloviya (Theology) published between 1923 and 1939 under the editor­ship of Fr. Yosyf Slipyi,⁠278 and Pratsi Bohoslovs'ko-Naukovoho Tovarystva (The Works of the Theological-Scientific Society), and particularly the publication of the Basilian Fathers, Zapysksy Chynu Sv. Vasyliya Velykoho (Proceedings of the Order of Saint Basil the Great) which came out in Zhovkva between 1924 and 1939, edited by Fr. Josaphat Skruten', OSBM. Zapysky ChSVV became a very important publication in Ukrainian studies, mainly in the field of Church history and general Ukrainian history and the history of culture, gathering around this publication a series of Ukrainian scholars both from Galicia and from the Carpathian Ukraine (M. Andrusiak, B. Barvinsky, V. Hadzhega,  p376 M. Holubets', Fr. M. Karovets', Fr. H. Kynakh, Fr. T. Kostruba, I. Krypyakevych, Fr. R. Lukan', Fr. J. Skruten', I. Svyentsitsky, S. Tomashivsky, I. Losky, I. Ohiyenko, D. Olyanchyn, A. Petrov, V. Sichynsky, V. Salozetsky, V. Zayikyn, and others).⁠279

Also worthy of mention are the publications of Lviv Stavropygia, (particularly materials on the history of the Lviv Brotherhood of the eighteenth century) and of the Ukrainian National Museum: Litopys Natsional'noho Muzeyu (Chronicle of the National Museum), 1933‑1939, edited by I. Svyentsitsky, and separate publications on the history of Ukrainian art, printing, etc.

Much historical material of a local nature was printed in publications of local museums and land-study societies: Litopys Boykivshchyny (Chronicle of the Boyko Region) in Sambir, ten volumes between 1931 and 1939; Nasha Bat'kivshchyna (Our Fatherland); and others.

Many historical studies (and materials), mainly of a scientific-popular nature were published by various Ukrainian community and private publishing enterprises, either in the form of journals or collections, or in separate, often extensive, publications. To be noted in particular are: Litopys Chervonoyi Kalyny (Chronicle of Chervona Kalyna), a journal (1926‑1938) of the publishing house of the same name, which contained many articles and much material, mostly memoirs from the history of the Ukrainian liberation struggle in the twentieth century; and collections, Ukrayins'ka Knyha (The Ukrainian Book), edited by Ye. Yu. Pelensky (Bystrytsya Publishing House) of which five volumes came out between 1937 and 1943; also Literaturno-Naukovyi Visnyk (Literary-Scientific News), 1922‑1932, and Visnyk (News), 1933‑1939, edited by Dmytro Dontsov; Zhyttya i Znannya (Life and Knowledge), 1927‑1939, and others.

 p377  The following came out as separate publications: Velyka Istoriya Ukrayiny (Great History of the Ukraine) by M. Holubets', edited by I. Krypyakevych, Lviv, 1935; second edition, Winnipeg, 1949; Istoriya ukrayin­s'koho viys'ka (History of the Ukrainian Armed Forces) by I. Krypyakevych and B. Hnatevych, Lviv, 1936, second edition Winnipeg, 1953; Istoriya ukrayin­s'koyi kul'tury (History of Ukrainian Culture) by I. Krypyakevych, Lviv, 1937; all the above published by the I. Tyktor Publishing House.

The historical chapters of Ukrayins'ka Zahal'na Entsyklopediya (Ukrainian General Encyclopedia), edited by I. Rakovsky (vols. 1‑111, 1930‑1935), the collective work of Ukrainian historians from Galicia and of emigres, should also be noted.

Problems of Ukrainian history and primarily the history of West Ukrainian territories occupy an important position in Polish historiography, especially in Galicia and Volynia. The Polish Historical Society in Lviv, in its principal publications, such as Kwartalnik Historyczny (Historical Quarterly) and Archiwum Towarzystwa Historycznego (Archive of the Historical Society), published, in addition to studies by Polish scholars dedicated to Ukrainian history, also studies of Ukrainian scholars (S. Tomashivsky, M. Korduba, B. Barvinsky, M. Andrusiak and others). This Society also published the journal Siemia Czerwieńska dedicated to the history of Galicia. The Legal-Historical Society of Lviv published Przewodnik Historyczno-Prawny (A Historical-Legal Guide) with Ukrainian scholars (M. Chubaty, V. Zayikyn, and others) also participating. The journal Biblioteka Lwowska (Lviv Library) contained many Polish studies of the history of Galicia and Lviv. Rocznik Wołyński (Volynian Annals) was published in Rivne (Volynia), containing studies of Volynian history and culture.⁠280

Ivan Krypyakevych, born 1886, has been the most brilliant Galician Ukrainian historian. He came of an old family of clergy­men from Kholm Province. A student of M. Hrushevsky at Lviv University, he devoted himself to the history of the Cossacks in the seventeenth century, the history of Galicia and the historical  p378 geography of West Ukrainian territories. He began publishing his studies, mainly source-research, as early as 1904 in ZNTSH (see supra). In 1919 he was appointed associate professor at Kamyanets-Podilsk University, but during the Polish period he was compelled to work as a high-school teacher, and for several years even had to be outside Galicia. Notwithstanding his inability to engage in official academic-research activities, I. Krypyakevych not only did not abandon scientific research work, but managed to establish in Lviv, around the Shevchenko Scientific Society, a circle of young students of Ukrainian history. In 1939, I. Krypyakevych was appointed to the Chair of Ukrainian History at I. Franko State University in Lviv and headed the Lviv Branch of the Institute of Ukrainian History of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Subsequent events interrupted professorial activities, but I. Krypyakevych continued his research work and directed a group of Ukrainian historians in Lviv in 1943 and 1944. Present political conditions existing in Lviv have restricted I. Krypyakevych's work to a great extent, and he has been severely censured for his adherence to the so‑called "Hrushevsky school," but this venerable Ukrainian historian, a member of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, has not stopped working to this day.

Most of Krypyakevych's attention was focused on the history of the Khmelnytsky period, particularly on the process of the establishment of the Ukrainian Cossack-Hetman State. His Studiyi nad derzhavoyu Bohdana Khmelnyt­s'koho (Studies of the Bohdan Khmelnytsky State),⁠281 which he published in separate  p379 studies in ZNTSH in the twenties and thirties (also in separate reprints), were based on a wealth of documentary material which he had collected in Ukrainian, Polish and Russian archives, and which constitute a major contribution to the historiography of the Khmelnytsky period.

In addition to this main activity, I. Krypyakevych published a great many scientific treatises, articles, materials and reviews. He also wrote many interesting popular articles on various subjects of general Ukrainian history (particularly of the seventeenth century) and on the history of the Western Ukraine, primarily Galicia and Lviv. Notable among them are works of a historiographic nature (general and special, on certain historians).

In his scientific works of the twenties and thirties I. Krypyakevych appears as a representative of the statehood trend in Ukrainian historiography, who simultaneously fully recognized the roles of the social and the economic factors. It is characteristic of Krypyakevych that he not only goes into deep analysis of certain historical phenomena, but that, on the basis of this analysis, he  p380 looks for historical synthesis within the framework of Ukrainian history as a whole. He also wrote a series of general academic courses in Ukrainian history.

While I. Krypyakevych's activities were centered mainly in the Shevchenko Scientific Society, two other Ukrainian historians, older students of M. Hrushevsky — S. Tomashivsky and M. Korduba — represented Ukrainian historiography chiefly in the outside scientific world.

Stepan Tomashivsky (1875‑1930), associate professor of the Chair of Austrian History at Lviv University, whom World War I and reestablishment of Ukrainian statehood separated from scholar­ly activities (see supra) and even from Galicia for a certain time, became an associate professor in 1926 and a professor in 1930 of the History of the East at Jagellonian University in Kraków. His scholar­ly works of that period are mainly on history of the Ukrainian Church and on the Princely period. The most important are: "Predtecha Izydora. Petro Akerovych, neznanyi mytropolyt rus'kyi (1241‑1245)" (Precursor of Isidore, Petro Akerovych, an Unknown Metropolitan of Rus′, 1241‑1245) in Zapysksy Chyna SVV, vol. II, Nos. 3‑4, 1927, and separately; Petro, pershyi uniyats'kyi Mytropolyt Ukrayiny-Rusy (Petro, the first Uniate Metropolitan of Ukraine‑Rus′), Lviv, 1928; "Boyaryn chy ihumen?" (Boyar or Abbot?), Zapysksy Chyna SVV, vol. III, Nos. 1‑2, 1928; "Do istoryi Peremyshlya i yoho yepyskop­s'koyi katedry" (On the History of Peremyshl and its Episcopal Cathedral), ibid.; and "Vstup do istoriyi Tserkvy na Ukrayini" (Introduction to the History of the Church in the Ukraine), Zapysksy Chyna SVV, vol. IV, Nos. 1‑2, 1932; second edition came out in Philadelphia, Pa., in the early forties. Other noteworthy works by Tomashivsky of that period are: "Do istoriyi perelomy Khmelnychchny" (On the History of the Khmelnytsky Upheaval), Yuvileynyi Zbirnyk VUAN na poshanu akad. D. I. Bahaliya, Kiev, 1927 and separately; and "Nowa teoria o początkach Rusi" (New Theory About the Beginnings of Rus′), Kwartalnik Historyczny, vol. 43, I, and separately, Lviv, 1930 (regarding the concepts of V. Parkhomenko).

 p381  S. Tomashivsky is, along with V. Lypynsky, the founder of Ukrainian statehood historiography.

Myron Korduba, 1876‑1948 former professor at Chernivtsi University, was engaged in scientific and academic activity on a broad scale (see supra). He became professor of Warsaw University and this position gave him an opportunity to present Ukrainian historiography before the Polish as well as the foreign scientific world. He took an active part in congresses of historians, both Polish (in the state-territorial sense) as well as international, disseminating detailed information about the development of Ukrainian historical science in all Ukrainian areas and abroad. Korduba wrote outlines of modern Ukrainian historiography for the International Conference of East-European Historians in Warsaw of 1928, and for the following International Historical Congresses: VII, Warsaw, 1933 and VIII, Zurich, 1938. These outlines were published in French. In addition, Korduba published many historical articles and reviews on Ukrainian historical subjects in Polish, German (Zeitschrift für osteuropäische Geschichte) and French (Le Monde Slave) periodicals. M. Korduba conducted part of his scientific research work in the Ukrainian Scientific Institute in Warsaw with the Commission for Study of Ukrainian-Polish Problems which published the weekly Biuletyn polsko-ukrain'ski (Polish-Ukrainian Bulletin), and devoted his work mainly to the history of the Galician-Volynian State and to the Western Ukraine in general. He published a study, "Zakhidne pohranychchya Halyts'ko-Volyn­s'koyi derzhavy v XIII st." (The Western Boundary of the Galician-Volynian State in the XIII Century), ZNTSH, vols. CXXXVIII‑CXL, Lviv, 1925; and a series of other studies, his outline Istoriya Kholmshchyny i Pidlyashshya (History of Kholm and Pidlyashshya Regions), v. I, coming out in 1941 (Kraków). Korduba was also interested in the Cossack period and published a study, Bohdan Khmelnytsky u Belzchyni i Kholmshchyni (Bohdan Khmelnytsky in the Belz and Kholm Districts), Kraków, 1941; he was also the author of a chapter on the history of the Commonwealth of Poland during the Khmelnytsky period: "The Reign of John Casimir: part I, 1648‑54" in  p382 the well-known work The Cambridge History of Poland, Vol. I, From the Origin to Sobieski (to 1696), Cambridge, 1950.

During World War II M. Korduba moved to Lviv where he continued his studies of the history of Western Ukrainian territories of the medieval period. Hardships of the German occupation and persecution by Soviet authorities interrupted his scholar­ly work and hastened his death.

Among other historians of the older generation (see supra) we should name the following:

Ivan Krevetsky, 1883‑1940, worked mainly in the field of Ukrainian historiography. A particularly important article was "Ukrayins'ka istoriohrafiya na perelomi" (Ukrainian Historiography at the Turning Point), ZNTSH, vols. CXXXIV‑CXXXV. He worked also in historical bibliography.

Bohdan Barvinsky carried on studies of the Mazepa period. He published the studies, "Slidamy het'mana Mazepy" (In the Footsteps of Hetman Mazepa), ZNTSH, v. CXXIX, 1920 and v. CXLIV, 1926; "Do pobutu Orlyka v Stanyslavovi" (On Orlyk's Stay in Stanyslaviv), Yuvileynyi Zbirnyk VUAN na poshanu akad. M. S. Hrushev­s'koho, Kiev, 1928; and a genealogical study "Konashevychi v Peremys'kiy zemli v XV‑XVI st." (The Konashevyches in the Peremyshl Area in the XV and XVI Centuries), ZNTSH, v. C.

Vasyl' Herasymchuk, 1880‑1944, carried on work on the period of B. Khmelnytsky and I. Vyhovsky, the most important study being: "Do pytannya pro statti B. Khmelnyt­s'koho" (On the Problem of the Articles of B. Khmelnytsky), ZNTSH, v. C. His collection of material on the history of the Khmelnytsky period from Polish sources, prepared for the Archeographic Commission of VUAN, did not see publication.

Omelyan Terletsky worked on the history of Galicia of the nineteenth century, particularly of the year 1848.

Mykola (Nicholas D.) Chubaty, born in 1889, professor at the Ukrainian University (clandestine) and of the Theological Academy in Lviv, investigated subjects of history of Ukrainian law and of the Ukrainian Church. He published a monograph: "Derzhavno- p383 pravne stanovyshche ukrayins'kykh zemel' Lytov­s'koyi derzhavy" (State Legal Position of Ukrainian Lands in the Lithuanian State), ZNTSH, vols. CXXXIV‑CXXXV, CXLIV‑CXLV, and separately Lviv, 1926; a study, "Pravne polozhennya Tserkvy v Kozats'kiy Derzhavi XVII‑XVIII st." (On the Legal Status of the Church in the Cossack State of the XVII and XVIII Centuries), Bohosloviya, I‑II, 1925; historiographic outlines: "Literatur der ukrainischen Rechtsgeschichte in den Jahren 1919‑1929" (Literature of Ukrainian Legal History in the 1919‑1920 Period), Przewodnik Historyczno-Prawny, vol. II‑IV, 1930, and separately, Lviv, 1931; and "Gegenstand der Geschichte des ukrainischen Rechtes" (The Subject of the History of Ukrainian Law), Contributions à l'histoire de l'Ukraine au VII‑e Congrès international des sciences historiques, Varsovie, août, 1933, Lviv, 1933.

In addition, M. Chubaty wrote university courses on the history of Ukrainian law: Ohlyad istoriyi ukrayin­s'koho prava. Istoriya dzherel ta derzhavnoho prava (An Outline of the History of Ukrainian Law — History of Sources and Constitutional Law), vols. I‑II, Lviv, 1921; second edition, Lviv, 1922; third edition, Munich 1947 (mimeographed); and on Ukrainian Church history: Istoriya ukrayin­s'koyi Tserkvi (History of the Ukrainian Church), parts I and II, Schloss Hirschberg, 1946, mimeographed. Prof. Chubaty has been living in the United States since 1939, working in the Shevchenko Scientific Society, and since 1944 editing the periodical The Ukrainian Quarterly. He continues his study of church history.

Mykola Andrusiak (born 1902), graduate of Lviv University, subsequently associate and professor at Ukrainian Free University in Munich, devotes himself to research in the history of the Cossack-Hetman period. He wrote studies: "Do istoriyi borot'by mizh Petrom Doroshenkom ta Petrom Sukhoviyem u 1668‑1669 r.r." (On the History of the Struggle Between Petro Doroshenko and Petro Sukhoviy in 1668‑1669), ZNTSH, vol. CL, 1929; "Do istoriyi pravobichnykh kozakiv u 1689‑1690 r.r." (On the History of Right-Bank Cossacks in 1689‑1690), ZNTSH, v. C, 1930; "Pavlo Teterya, yak chlen Stavropihiy­s'koho Bratstva u L'vovi" (Pavlo  p384 Teterya as a Member of the Stavropygian Brotherhood in Lviv), ZNTSH, vol. CLI, 1931; "Zvyazky Mazepy z Stanislavom Leshchyns'kym i Karlom XII" (Mazepa's Contacts with Stanislaw Leszczynski and Charles XII), ZNTSH, vol. CLII, part I, 1933; "Het'man Ivan Mazepa, yak kul'turnyi diyach" (Hetman Ivan Mazepa as Cultural Leader), Mazepa, vol. II, Warsaw, 1939; and others; also the monograph Mazepa i Pravoberezhzhya (Mazepa and the Right-Bank), Lviv, 1938. In addition, Andrusiak worked on specific problems of Ukrainian church history of the seventeenth century; the monograph Józef Szumlanski, perwszy biskup unicki lwowski 1667‑1708 (Józef Szumlanski, the First Uniate Bishop of Lviv, 1667‑1708), Lviv, 1934; the study "Ivan Khlopetsky, peremys'kyi pravoslavnyi yepyskop-nominat v 1632‑1633 r.r." (Ivan Khlopetsky, Orthodox Bishop-nominee of Peremyshl' in 1632‑1633), ZNTSH, vol. CXLVII, 1927; and others; on Ukrainian historiography: the study "Do pytannya pro avtorstvo Litopysu Samovydtsya" (The Question of the Author­ship of the Samovydets' Chronicle), ZNTSH, v. CXLIX, 1928; and a series of historiographic reviews in Litopys Chervonoyi Kalyny, Lviv, 1932, Nos. 9‑10; Kwartalnik Historyczny, vol. 48, Lviv, 1934; Pratsi Ukrayin­s'koho Naukovoho Instytutu v Amerytsi, I. Zbirnyk Ukr. Nauk. Inst. v Amerytsi, St. Paul (Minn.)-Prague, 1939; on the history of Galicia of the nineteenth century, particularly the outline "The Ukrainian Movement in Galicia" in The Slavonic and East European Review, vol. XIV, Nos. 40, 41, London, 1935‑1936; on old Ukrainian history: the study "Ostanni Romanovychi" (The Last Romanovyches), Naukovyi zbirnyk Ukrayin­s'koho Vil'noho Universytetu. Yuvileyne vydannya (Scientific Symposium of the Ukrainian Free University — Jubilee Publication), vol. V, Munich, 1948. Finally, Andrusiak wrote courses in Ukrainian history: Istoriya Ukrayiny, I, Knyazha doba (History of the Ukraine, I, the Princely Period), Prague, 1941; and Istoriya Kozachchyny (History of the Cossack Period), Munich, 1946 (mimeographed).

Mykhaylo Voznyak (1881‑1954), historian of literature, devoted much work to unsolved problems of Ukrainian history and Ukrainian  p385 historiography. He published the study "Khto-zh avtor Litopysu 'Samovydtsya' " (Who is the Author of the "Samovydets" Chronicle), ZNTSH, vol. CLIII, part I, 1933; the monograph Psevdo-Konysky i Psevdo-Poletyka ("Istoriya Rusov" u literaturi i nautsi) (Pseudo-Konysky and Pseudo-Poletyka, "Istoriya Rusov" in Literature and Science), Lviv-Kiev, 1939; valuable documentary material: "Benders'ka Komisiya po smerti Mazepy" (The Bendery Commission after Mazepa's Death), Mazepa, vol. I, Warsaw, 1938; and a series of biographical notes on Mazepa, specially with reference to the dates of his birth and death.

Fr. Josaphat — Ivan Skruten', OSBM (1894‑1951), was particularly interested in problems of the history of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. He published, mainly in Zapysky ChSVV (Proceedings of the Order of St. Basil the Great), a series of source studies and articles on the biography of Saint Josaphat Kuntsevych and the history of the Order of Saint Basil in Ukraine. Particularly noteworthy are his studies on biographies of the Basilian Fathers (on the basis of a collection of manuscripts of the Metropolitan Lev Kyshka): Zapysky ChSVV, I‑IV, 1924‑32; on the Synopsis of the Pidhirtsi Monastery, Zapysky ChSVV, I, III, IV; and the outline Un demi siècle d'Histoire de l'Ordre des Basiliens (A Half Century of the Order of Basilians),⁠a Warsaw, 1933.

Fr. Teodosiy — Teofil Kostruba (1907‑1943), a prematurely-deceased historian, published a series of studies and articles on Ukrainian Church history of the Princely Period, part of which is contained in his collection Narytsy z tserkovnoyi istoriyi Ukrayiny X‑XIII stolittya (Outline of Ukrainian Church History of the X to XIII Centuries), Lviv, 1939, second edition, Toronto, 1955. Fr. Kostruba also did research in the history of the Galician-Volynian State and Galician history, publishing (following 1929) the results of this research in Zapysky Naukovoho Tovarystva im. Shevchenka (v. CL in Zapysky ChSVV, Bohosloviya, and others. He was also the translator of "Halyts'ko-Volynsky Litopys" (The Galician-Volynian Chronicle) into modern Ukrainian (annotated)  p386 in two parts (Lviv, 1936).⁠282 His major work, however, on the sources for history of the Galician-Volynian State, remains unpublished. Among other publications of Fr. Kostruba, we must note the article "Het'man Ivan Skoropadsky 1709‑1722," Lviv, 1932.

Fr. Roman Stepan Lukan', OSBM (1907‑1943), worked on specific problems of Ukrainian Church history (the history of monasteries) and on the history of culture (press and bibliography).

Illya Vytanovych (born 1899) devoted his work to subjects of economic and social history of the Ukraine, notably Istoriya i suchasnyi stan Zakhidno-ukrayin­s'koho sela (History and Present State of the West-Ukrainian Countryside), Podebrady, 1935, mimeographed; and studies on the history of Ukrainian social-political ideas of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries — about O. Rusov, M. Tuhan-Baranovsky, V. Navrotsky and others.

Ivan Karpynets' worked in the same field, e.g., his study "Halyts'ki zalizni huty ta yich produktsiya v r.r. 1772‑1848" (Galician Iron Smelters and their Production Between 1772 and 1848), ZNTSH, vol. CLIV, 1937.

Roman Zubyk worked on history of prices in the fifteenth through seventeenth centuries.

Omelyan Pritsak (born 1919) worked on the political history of the Mazepa period. Representing the youngest generation (before World War II) of Galician historians, a student of Professor Krypyakevych, he published a study "Ivan Mazepa i knyahynya Anna Dol'ska" (Ivan Mazepa and Princess Anna Dol'ska), Mazepa vol. II, and compiled a detailed bibliography on Mazepa and his period for vol. III of the Mazepa collection, which was not published, however, due to the war.⁠283 The Mazepa period was  p387 also studied by Fr. Dr. Pavlo Khrusch who published some results of his research in Zapysky ChSVV (VI, 1‑2).⁠284

We should also note the works of Adriyan Kopystyansky, publisher of material on the history of the Lviv Stavropygia in the eighteenth century⁠285 and of Fr. Andriy Ishchak (1887‑1941) on church history: "Uniyni i avtokefalni zmahannya na ukrayins'kykh zemlyakh vid Danyla do Izydora" (The Uniate and Autocephalous Strivings in Ukrainian Lands from the Times of Danylo to Isidore), Bohosloviya, Lviv, vols. I, II, V, 1923, 1924, 1927: "De Zacharia Kopystenskyj eiusque Palinodia" (On Zacharia Kopystensky and His Palinodia), Bohosloviya, vols. VIII, IX, 1930‑1931.

Mykola Holubets' (1892‑1942) published many studies on Ukrainian history and the history of Ukrainian art. He was the author of Velyka Istoriya Ukrayiny (Great History of Ukraine), published by I. Tyktor, Lviv, 1935; second edition, Winnipeg, 1949.

In addition, scientific, scientific-popular and general periodicals and books in Galicia in the period of the thirties and forties contained numerous studies, outlines and material on Galician history and particularly on the Galician-Ukrainian national renaissance. Here we should note the work of several authors: Ambrosiy Androkhovych, "I. Lavrivsky, odyn iz pioneriv ukrayin­s'koho vidrodzhennya v Halychyni" (I. Lavrivsky, One of the Pioneers of the Ukrainian Renaissance in Galicia), ZNTSH, vol. CXXVIII, 1919; Ivan Bryk, "Slovyans'kyi z'yizd u Prazi 1848 r. i ukrayins'ka sprava" (The Slavonic Congress in Prague in 1848 and the Ukrainian Problem) ibid., vol. CXXIX, 1919; Kyrylo Studynsky, "Materiyaly dlya istoriyi kul'turnoho zhyttya v Halychyni v 1797‑1857 rr." (material for the History of Cultural Life in Galicia Between 1797 and 1857), Ukrayins'ko-Rus'kyi Arkhiv, XIII‑XIV, Lviv, 1920; Fr. Tyt Voynarovsky, Das Schicksal des ukrainischen  p388 Volkes unter polnischer Herrschaft (The Fate of the Ukrainian People Under Polish Rule), Vienna, 1921; Kost' Levytsky, Istoriya politychnoi dumky halyts'kykh ukrayintsiv 1848‑1918 (History of the Political Ideas of Galician Ukrainians 1848‑1918), vols. I‑II, Lviv, 1926‑1927; and the same author's Istoriya vyzvol'nykh zmahan' Halyt­s'koyi Ukrayiny 1914‑1918 (History of the Liberation Struggle of Galician Ukraine 1914‑1918), Lviv, 1929‑1930; and many other authors.

World War II brought about great changes and hardship in the circumstances of Ukrainian historical science in Galicia. During the first Soviet occupation (1939‑1941) the rights of Ukrainian science and higher education were formally recognized in Galicia. The Polish John Casimir University in Lviv was changed to the I. Franko Ukrainian State University and Ukrainian professors, whom Polish authorities had deprived of opportunities to teach in universities, were appointed to its faculty. I. Krypyakevych was appointed to the Chair of Ukrainian History and the faculty also included the historians O. Terletsky (the Chair of World History), M. Andrusiak (for a short period) and others. This provided an opportunity to assemble young students of historical science in Lviv University, who worked in the Historical Department under I. Krypyakevych. Lviv University began publication of Zapysky Istorychnoho ta Filolohichnoho Fakul'tetiv (Proceedings of the Faculties of History and Philology) which printed the works of Ukrainian historians of Lviv and Kiev.⁠286 This fact had a certain importance for the further development of Ukrainian historiographic science.

But along with this, Soviet occupation brought great destruction to Ukrainian science, particularly historical, in Galicia. First of all, all prewar publications were padlocked, and many publications ready for printing and even some in print were destroyed.

A whole series of Shevchenko Scientific Society's publications were lost, especially the then current volume of Zapysky ZNTSH, vol. CLVI, Works of the Historical-Philosophical Section)⁠287 and  p389 of Syohochasne i Mynule (vol. IV). New publications of the Ukrainian Theological Academy and of the Theological Scientific Society were destroyed. Also lost were current issues of Zapysky ChSVV (vol. VI, Nos. 3‑4). A similar fate befell private publications.

The Shevchenko Scientific Society was changed early in 1940 to the Lviv Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, of which the Institute of Ukrainian History (officially the Branch of the Kiev Institute), headed by Prof. I. Krypyakevych, was a part. O. Terletsky, V. Herasymchuk, Yosyp Pelensky, F. Sribnyi, Fedir Holiychuk, I. Karpynets' and others worked in this Institute. The members of the Institute worked mainly on the history of Western Ukrainian territories (particularly of the nineteenth century), and also gathered material for appropriate chapters of a large history of the Ukraine, which was at that time a project of Kiev Institute. Scholars of Lviv Institute took part together with Kiev historians in the Session of the Historical-Philological Department of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, which was held in Lviv in the spring of 1941.

Scientific work in Lviv Institute was to proceed within the framework of "Marxism-Leninism" and was under strict control of Soviet authorities.

The position of historical science was not much different during the German occupation of Galicia between 1941 and 1944. Lviv University was liquidated. The Branch of the Academy of Sciences was kept intact, but any kind of scientific activity was prohibited. The Shevchenko Scientific Society was not permitted to reopen even in the form of a scientific research institute. The German occupation authorities prohibited publication of any historical works with the very restricted exception of textbook literature.

Even under such difficult circumstances, however, historians in Lviv did not cease their work. Taking advantage of the framework of a professional association of scientific workers, the Historical-Philosophical Section of the Shevchenko Scientific Society renewed its scientific activities. The most lively work went on in the Historical Sub-Section and in the Historical Cabinet (under  p390 Prof. Krypyakevych). Scholar­ly meetings of the historical group were held in 1943 and 1944 under the chairman­ship of Prof. Krypyakevych, with the participation of all Ukrainian historians who were in Lviv at the time (B. Barvinsky, S. Biletsky, F. Holiychuk, I. Karpynets', M. Korduba, I. Levkovych, Fr. R. Lukan', V. Matsyak, F. Sribnyi, O. Terletsky, I. Vytanovych and others), as well as historians from the Dnieper Ukraine who were then in Lviv (V. Dubrovsky, O. Ohloblyn, N. Polons'ka-Vasylenko).

Many scientific studies were prepared for publication at that time, but they could only be printed in the form of short articles or notices published in existing news­papers and in the literary journal Nashi Dni (Our Days), (Lviv, 1942‑1944). The only major work which the group managed to publish was an historical-archaeological monograph by Prof. Yaroslav Pasternak, Staryi Halych (Old Halych), Kraków-Lviv, 1944. Besides this there were some scientific-popular histories (especially works of Prof. Korduba) and textbooks (republication of D. I. Doroshenko's Istoriya Ukrayiny (History of the Ukraine), Kraków-Lviv, 1942).

Bibliography

Khronika Naukovoho Tovarystva im. Shevchenka for the 1920‑1930 period, Lviv; Outlines of Ukrainian Historiography for the 1920‑1930 period by D. Doroshenko, I. Krypyakevych, E. Borschak, and M. Andrusiak (see supra); Obituaries on Ukrainian historians in ZNTSH (v. CLI, Lviv, 1931 — S. Tomashivsky), Ukrayina (Paris, No. 4, 1950 — I. Krevetsky; No. 6, 1951 — S. Tomashivsky), Analecta OSBM (series II, section II, vol. I/VII, Fasc. 1, Rome, 1949 — P. Lukan Romanus Stephanus and P. Kostruba Theodosius Theophilus), and in other publications; Stara Ukrayina, Lviv, 1924‑1925, chronicle; I. Mirtschuk, "Ukrainische Ševčenko-Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Lemberg," Mitteilungen des Ukrainischen Wissenschaftlichen Institutes in Berlin, Vol. I, Berlin, 1927; Syohochasne i Mynule, I‑III, Lviv, 1939, chronicle; S. Narizhnyi, Ukrayins'ka emihratsiya. Kul'turna pratsya ukrayin­s'koyi emihratsiyi mizh dvoma svitovymy viynamy,  p391 part 1, Prague, 1942; Syohochasne i Mynule, I, Munich-New York, 1948; V. Matsyk, Halyts'ko-Volyns'ka derzhava 1290‑1340 r.r. u novykh doslidakh, Ohlyad istoriohrafiyi ta problematyky, Augsburg, 1948; (Ye. Yu. Pelensky), Istoriya Naukovoho Tovarystva im. Shevchenka, New York-Munich, 1949; Khronika Naukovoho Tovarystva im. Shevchenka, No. 75, Munich, 1949; Entsiklopediya Ukrayinoznavstva, vol. I, Munich-New York, 1949, vol. II, Paris-New York, 1952; V. Doroshenko, Ohnyshche ukrayin­s'koyi nauky, Naukove Tovarystvo im. T. Shevchenka, New York-Philadelphia, 1951.

The Author's Notes:

277 The Shevchenko Scientific Society renewed publication of Syohochasne i Mynule abroad. Two issues came out in 1948 and 1949 under the editor­ship of Z. Kuzelya.

278 Subsequently Archbishop of Lviv and Metropolitan of Galicia.

279 Cf. Index Analectorum OSBM, Series prima, vol. I‑VI, Roma, 1949. A total of six volumes were published, but issues 3‑4 of vol. VI were lost due to the war and Soviet occupation in 1939. In 1949 in Rome the Basilian Fathers renewed publication of Analecta OSBM (mostly in Latin).

280 Only the most significant publications are noted here.

281 I, "Rada" (Council), II, "Heneral'na Starshyna" (High-Ranking Officers), ZNTSH, v. CXXXIX‑CXL; III, "Derzhavni mezhi" (State Boundaries), IV, "Dorohy" (Highways), ibid., v. CLXIV‑CXLV; V, "Het'mans'ki universaly" (Universals (Proclamations) of the Hetmans), VI, "Sud" (Courts), ibid., v. CXLVII; VII, "Viys'ko" (Armed Forces), VIII, "Kataloh polkovnykiv 1648‑1657 r.r." (Catalogue of Colonels, 1648‑1657), IX, "Derzhava Bohdana Khmelnyt­s'koho (zahal'ni uvahy)" (Bohdan Khmelnytsky's State, General Remarks), ibid., v. CLI.

In the same series, but not included by the author in Studies: "Serby v ukrayins'komu viys'ku 1650‑1660 r." (Serbs in the Ukrainian Army 1650‑1660), ZNTSH, v. CXXIX; "Ukrayins'kyi derzhavnyi skarb za Bohdana Khmelnyt­s'koho" (The Ukrainian State Treasury Under Bohdan Khmelnytsky), ibid., v. CXXX; "Do istoriyi ukrayin­s'koho derzhavnoho arkhiva v XVII st." (On the History of the Ukrainian State Archive in the XVII Century) ibid., v. CXXXIV‑CXXXV; "Vol'nyi port u Starim Bykhovi 1657 r." (The Free Port of Staryi Bykhiv in 1657), Naukovyi zbirnyk istorychnoi sektsyi VUAN za rik 1929 (Scientific Symposium of VUAN Historical Section for the Year 1929), Kiev: "Z ukrayins'ko-moskov­s'koyi pohranychnoi perepysky" (From the Ukrainian-Muscovite Correspondence on Border Matters), ZNTSH, v. CL.

The following studies stand somewhat apart: "Skarby Khmelnyt­s'koho" (Treasures of Khmelnytsky), ZNTSH, v. XCVI; "Z kozat­s'koyi sfragistyky" (From Cossack Sphragistics), ZNTSH, v. CXXIII‑CXXIV; "Uchytel' Bohdana Khmelnyt­s'koho (Andriy Hontsel' Mokrsky)" (Bohdan Khmelnytsky's Teacher, Andriy Hontsel Mokrsky), ZNTSH, v. CXXXIII; "Monety B. Khmelnyt­s'koho i P. Doroshenka" (Coins of B. Khmelnytsky and P. Doroshenko, Stara Ukrayina, 1924; "Ostafiy Astamatiy (Ostamatenko), ukrayins'kyi posol v Turechchyni 1670‑kh r.r." (Ostafiy Astamatiy (Ostamatenko), Ukrainian Envoy in Turkey in the 1670's), Ukrayina, vol. VI, Kiev, 1928, and others.

During the last war Krypyakevych continued his study of the State of Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Recently he published the monograph, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Kiev, 1954.

282 Reviewed by D. I. Doroshenko in Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 1937, No. 1.

283 In 1948 O. Pritsak published a study "Soyuz Khmelnyt­s'koho z Turechchynoyu 1648 r." (Khmelnytsky's Alliance of 1648 with Turkey), ZNTSH, vol. CLVI, Munich, 1948. Subsequent research by O. Pritsak is along different lines, chiefly oriental studies.

284 His monograph "Ivan Mazepa do het'manstva" (Ivan Mazepa Before his Hetmanate) is as yet unpublished.

285 He also published a popular edition of Istoriya Rusy (A History of Rus′), vols. I‑III, Lviv, 1931‑1933.

286 Particularly studies by N. Polons'ka-Vasylenko and by O. Ohloblyn.

287 Volume CLVI of ZNTSH appeared subsequently (in 1948) abroad, but with different content.

Thayer's Note:

a The English translation of the title is misleading because it omits d'Histoire, and thus might suggest the Basilians were only a half-century old. A better translation would be "The Order of Basilians: A Half Century of its History". The order was founded in 1631; the half-century referred to was that since 1882, notable because in that year the order underwent a significant organizational and spiritual renewal.

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