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previous: This webpage reproduces a section of Ukrainian Historiography By Oleksander Ohloblyn published by The Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U. S., Inc., 1957 The text is in the public domain. This page has been carefully proofread and I believe it to be free of errors. If you find a mistake though, please let me know!

 p395  Ukrainian Historiography outside the Ukraine

Since the position of Ukrainian historiography in the Dnieper Ukraine over the period of the last several decades was more and more dependent on the role of political factors — the anti-national and anti-democratic policy of the Soviet authorities — and because the development of Ukrainian science in Galicia was subject to political pressure and economic restrictions on the part of the Polish government, Ukrainian historical science abroad has assumed particular importance. Although financially its field of operation has been very much restricted and uncertain, both as regards research and publications, it has been, however, almost completely free in the political, academic and ideo-methodological sense. True, it was uprooted from its own soil and deprived of access to primary historical sources which were within the territory and under the authority of the USSR, the Ukrainian SSR and Poland. On the other hand, however, emigre science alone could freely utilize foreign historical and documental materials, heretofore very little known or completely unknown to Ukrainian historiography, and, what was of inestimable importance for the future, it established contacts with Western European and world historical science. Following World War II, Ukrainian historiography was able to develop freely only beyond the borders of the homeland, under emigre conditions. For this reason an outline of Ukrainian historical science abroad must be divided into two periods: prior to, and following World War II.

In connection with circumstances of resettlement of Ukrainian emigres in the twenties and thirties, the main centers of Ukrainian science of history beyond the borders of of Ukraine were: Prague, Warsaw, Berlin and to a certain extent Paris and Rome. First place among them belongs without question to Prague, with a concentration of the best forces of Ukrainian emigres and with legal and material aid on the part of the Republic of Czecho­slovakia, which did not impose on Ukrainian science any political  p396 or ideological restrictions or undue obligations. The existence of the Ukrainian Free University in Prague (established in Vienna in 1921 and transferred to Prague later the same year) constituted a solution to the problem of educating new academic ranks of Ukrainian historians. There was a Chair of History of the Ukraine at the Ukrainian Free University, headed for a long time by Professor Dmytro I. Doroshenko (1921‑1926, 1931‑1936, and 1939‑1945), with other Ukrainian historians working as professors, associates and assistants (V. Bidnov, B. Krupnytsky, S. Narizhnyi, P. Fedenko, M. Andrusiak and others) and the Chair of History of Ukrainian Law (A. Yakovliv, R. Lashchenko, O. Haymanivsky). The University published Naukovyi Zbirnyk (Scientific Symposium), of which four volumes came out up to 1945, and the university courses of its professors, particularly Ohlyad ukrayin­s'koyi istoriohrafiyi (A Survey of Ukrainian Historiography) by D. I. Doroshenko.

The real center of scientific research in the field of Ukrainian history was, however, the Prague Ukrainian Historical-Philological Society established in 1923. Its permanent chairman was the historian of art, Professor Dmytro Antonovych (1877‑1945), son of Volodymyr Antonovych; and its secretaries were Professor Vasyl' Bidnov (until 1929), Symon Narizhnyi (1929‑1944), and Volodymyr Miyakovsky (1944‑1945). During the Society's twenty-two years of existence in Prague, it had among its members not only Ukrainian historians living in Prague, but historians from all emigre centers, those from Galicia, and later emigres from Dnieper Ukraine. Most of the papers read at the Society's meetings were on the subjects of Ukrainian history and historiography. The Society published its Pratsi (Works) of which five volumes came out, with most of the articles appearing also in separate reprints. It also published some collections on individual subjects (particularly the collection devoted to a discussion of the beginnings of the Ukrainian nation: Otkudu yest' poshla Ruskaya zemlya (How Did the Rus′ Land Come About), Prague, 1931, and the collection Pamyati Prof. Vasylya Bidnova (In Memory of Prof. Vasyl' Bidnov), Prague, 1936).

 p397  Scientific research in history also went on in Prague in the Museum of the Liberation Struggle (established in 1925), in the Drahomanov Ukrainian High Pedagogical Institute (1923‑1933) which published its Pratsi (Works), of which three volumes came out, in the Ukrainian Law Society (beginning in 1923), in the Ukrainian Historical Cabinet (1930‑1940), in the Ukrainian Sociological Institute (subsequently the Institute of Social Studies), to some extent in the Ukrainian Husbandry Academy (established 1922, and subsequently called the Ukrainian Technical Husbandry Institute) in Podebrady (problems of economic history), and in other institutions and societies. Ukrainian historians collaborated with some Czech scientific institutions, having their works published by the latter (e.g., in Časopis Národního Musea (News of the National Museum).

Ukrainian scholar­ly congresses in Prague were also of some importance to Ukrainian historiography. Two such congresses were held in 1926 and in 1932. Proceedings of the First Congress were published in Prague in 1928 in the form of a report; and of the Second as the 2 Ukrayins'kyi Naukovyi Z'yizd u Prazi (Second Ukrainian Scientific Congress in Prague), Prague, 1934.

It should also be noted that Ukrainian publishing houses (both public and private) in Prague published a series of works of Ukrainian history. Noteworthy among them is the Naukova Biblioteka (Scientific Library) of the Yuriy Tyshchenko Publishing House.

Another important source of Ukrainian historical research abroad was Warsaw. Among the faculty of Warsaw University there were several Ukrainian scholars. Since 1924, there was, as part of the University, the Orthodox Theological Faculty (formally Studium) with Ukrainian historians and lawyers among the faculty (V. Bidnov, D. Doroshenko, O. Lototsky, V. Zayikyn); it published a journal Ἐλπίς (Hope).

Highly commendable work on behalf of Ukrainian historiography was performed by the Ukrainian Scientific Institute in Warsaw, headed by O. Lototsky (and later by A. Yakovliv), established in 1928 (formally in 1930) "for the purpose of promoting  p398 those branches of Ukrainian science for which conditions of free development do not exist in the Soviet Ukraine."

The Institute engaged in broad scientific publishing activities, mainly in the field of Ukrainian history. Among the fifty-four volumes of Pratsi (Works) published by the Institute, there were such important publications in Ukrainian historiography as Narys Istoriyi Ukrayiny (Outline of the History of the Ukraine) by D. I. Doroshenko in two volumes, published as part of Pratsi Ukrayin­s'koho Naukovoho Instytutu u Varshavi (Works of the Ukrainian Scientific Institute in Warsaw), vols. 9 and 18, Warsaw, 1932‑1933; B. Krupnytsky's monograph "Het'man Pylyp Orlyk (1672‑1742). Ohlyad yoho politychnoyi diyal'nosty" (Hetman Pylyp Orlyk, 1672‑1742 — A Review of His Political Activities), in Pratsi, vol. 42, Warsaw, 1938; the Mazepa collection in two volumes, edited by D. I. Doroshenko, in Pratsi, vols. 46 and 47, Warsaw, 1938‑1939; A. Yakovliv's monograph "Ukrayins'ko-Moskovs'ki dohovory v XVII‑XVIII st." (Ukrainian-Muscovite Treaties of the XVII and XVIII Centuries) in Pratsi, vol. 19, Warsaw, 1934; O. Lototsky's monograph "Ukrayins'ki dzherela tserkovnoho prava" (Ukrainian Sources of Church Law), in Pratsi, vol. 5, Warsaw, 1931; S. M. Kuchyński's monograph "Ziemie Czernihowsko-Siewierskie pod rządami Litwy" (Chernihiv-Siversk Lands Under Lithuanian Rule) in Pratsi, vol. 33, Warsaw, 1936, in Polish; M. Handelsman's monograph "Ukraińska polityka Ks. Adama Czartoryskiego przed wojną Krymska" (Prince Adam Czartoryski's Ukrainian Policy Before the Crimean War), in Pratsi, vol. 35, Warsaw 1937, in Polish; the collections "Z mynuloho" (From the Past), vols. I‑II, in Pratsi, vols. 48 and 49, Warsaw, 1938‑1939; O. Dotsenko's study "Zymovyi pokhid 1920 r." (The Winter Campaign of 1920), in Pratsi, vol. 13, Warsaw, 1935; P. Shandruk's collection of documents "Ukrayins'ko-moskovs'ka viyna 1920 r." (The Ukrainian-Muscovite War of 1920), vol. I, Pratsi, vol. 15, Warsaw, 1933; "Diyariy Het'mana Pylypa Orlyka" (Hetman Pylyp Orlyk's Diary), vol. I, edited by Jan Tokarzhevsky-Karashevych in Pratsi, vol. 17, Warsaw,  p399 1936;⁠292 Arkhiv M. Drahomanova, t. I, Lystuvannya Kyyiv­s'koyi Staroyi Hromady z M. Drahomanovym (1870‑1895 r.r.)" (M. Drahomanov's Files, vol. I, Correspondence Between the Kiev "Stara Hromada" and M. Drahomanov 1870‑1895), in Pratsi, vol. 37, Warsaw, 1938;⁠293 memoirs of O. Lototsky, "Storinky mynuloho" (Pages from the Past), Nos. I‑III, in Pratsi, vol. 6, 12 and 21, Warsaw, 1932, 1933, 1934;⁠294 and "U Tsarhorodi" (In Constantinople), in Pratsi, vol. 40, Warsaw, 1939; a study by V. Lev, "Ukrayins'kyi pereklad khroniky Martyna Byel'­s'koho" (Ukrainian Translation of the Martyn Bielsky Chronicle), in Pratsi, vol. 29, Warsaw, 1936; and others.

A new Ukrainian scientific association was formed in Warsaw in 1938 — The Ukrainian Mohyla-Mazepa Academy of Sciences, headed by Professor Stepan Smal-Stocki (President) and Professor Andriy Yakovliv (General Secretary). The Department of Ukrainian Studies of the Academy published, as volume III of its Pratsi (Works), M. Voznyak's monograph "Psevdo-Konysky i Psevdo-Poletyka ('Istoriya Rusov' u literaturi i nautsi)" (Pseudo-Konysky and Pseudo-Poletyka — "Istoriya Rusov" in Literature and Science), Lviv-Kiev, 1939.

Considerable activity was developed by the Ukrainian War-Historical Society in Warsaw which published nine volumes of collections, Za derzhavnist' (For Statehood), 1925‑1939, devoted to the history of the Ukrainian liberation struggle. The Ukrainian journal of military science Tabor (The Camp) published in Kalish in the beginning of 1923 a series of studies, articles and materials on Ukrainian military history, particularly the works of O. Pereyaslavksy (Shpilinsky), S. Siropolko Jr., and others.

Nasha Kul'tura (Our Culture), scientific popular monthly, published in Warsaw between 1935 and 1937 and edited by  p400 Professor Ivan Ohiyenko,⁠295 also carried scholar­ly works in Ukrainian history.

Finally, some historical works appeared in publications of the Ukrainian Black Sea Institute, founded in 1940; Chornomors'kyi Zbirnyk (Black Sea Collection).

There was some collaboration among Ukrainian and Polish historians in Warsaw, too. Ukrainian historians took part in Polish scientific institutions and in scientific meetings, printing their works in Polish scholar­ly publications. On their part, some Polish historians collaborated with the Ukrainian Scientific Institute in Warsaw (particularly with the Commission for Research in Polish-Ukrainian Problems, which was part of the Institute) and published their works there.

The third center of Ukrainian historical science abroad was Berlin, notably the Ukrainian Scientific Institute in Berlin (1926‑1945). Established as a Ukrainian-German and subsequently, after 1934, a German state institution, the Institute's aim was "dissemination of authentic information about the Ukraine among German scholars, transmission of achievements of German and European science and culture to the Ukraine, and aid to Ukrainian students who were completing their studies at German higher institutions of learning."⁠296 The Institute thus combined scientific, academic and informational services.

During the first period of its existence, under the director­ship of D. I. Doroshenko (1926‑1931), the Institute was primarily concerned with scientific research and publication, as well as the education of young scholars. In the second period, under the director­ship of Professor I. Mirchuk, an historian of Ukrainian philosophy and culture (1931‑1945), the Institute, continuing its scientific work, developed scientific-informational activity on a  p401 very large scale. Transformation of the Institute into a German state institution did not change its essential Ukrainian character.

The Chair of History in the Institute was occupied by such distinguished scholars as V. Lypynsky and D. I. Doroshenko. Among contributing members of the Institute were such historians as S. Tomashivsky, L.º Krypyakevych, I. Krevetsky, V. Bidnov, V. Zayikyn and others. The Institute educated new ranks of Ukrainian historians: B. Krupnytsky, D. Olyanchyn, I. Losky, V. Kuchabsky, M. Antonovych and Fr. Petro Verhun (church history).

Beginning in 1927, the Institute published its Zapysky (Abhandlungen — Proceedings) of which three volumes came out under the editor­ship of D. I. Doroshenko (Berlin, 1927, 1929, 1931), containing studies, articles, reviews (in Ukrainian and German) by D. Doroshenko, B. Krupnytsky, D. Olyanchyn and others, Zvidomlennya (Mitteilungen — Reports) of which two issues came out in 1927 and 1928, with special articles by D. I. Doroshenko. In 1932 the Institute began publication of Beiträge zur Ukrainekunde (Notes on Ukrainian Studies), one issue of which (III) was dedicated to M. Hrushevsky: "Prof. Michael Hruschevskyj. Sein Leben und sein Wirken" (Professor Mykhaylo Hrushevsky. His Life and Work), Berlin, 1935.

Toward the end of its existence, during World War II, the Institute began publishing (mimeographed) monographs and studies in Ukrainian and German. Historical works published were: L. Okinshevich's Znachne Viys'kove Tovarystvo (A Distinguished Military Company); and B. Krupnytsky's study Beiträge zur Ideologie der "Geschichte der Reussen" (Istorija Rusow) (Notes on the Ideology of the History of the Rusy "Istoriya Rusov"), Berlin, 1945; and others.

The first encyclopedic work about the Ukraine in German, Handbuch der Ukraine (Handbook of the Ukraine) under the editor­ship of professor I. Mirchuk (Leipzig, 1941), was compiled by the associates of the Institute.⁠297 On the request of the Institute, Prof.  p402 B. Krupnytsky wrote a history of the Ukraine in German, Geschichte der Ukraine von den Anfängen bis zum Jahre 1920 (A History of the Ukraine From the Beginning to the Year 1920), Leipzig, 1939, 2nd ed., Leipzig, 1943.

Individual historians engaged in the study of Ukrainian history in Paris and Rome. Working in Paris were: Professor E. Borschak (see infra), V. Prokopovych (see infra) and Prof. Oleksander Shulhyn of the Ukrainian Free University, a specialist in world history who is at present working on subjects of modern Ukrainian history. Working in Rome was Yevhen Onatsky, historian and historian of culture, and author of the studies: "Pokhodzennya Poletyk" (Origin of Poletyks) in Ukrayina, 1917; and "Shche pro avtora Istoriyi Rusov" (More about the Author of Istoriya Rusov) in Nashe Mynule (1918, I). He also published a work in Italian: Studi di storia e di cultura Ucraina (Studies of Ukrainian History and Culture), Rome, 1939.⁠298

Ukrainian emigre historians can be divided into several generations of scholars. The first generation are historians who began their scientific careers in the Ukraine and managed to achieve a certain, frequently quite important, position in Ukrainian historiography even before 1917. In this category belong first of all V. Lypynsky and D. I. Doroshenko; we can also include in this category V. Bidnov and O. Lototsky (church history), A. Yakovliv, R. Lashchenko and S. Shelukhyn (legal history), and V. Prokopovych (sphragistics).

The second generation of historians developed or began their scholar­ly activities abroad. Some of them went abroad having already prepared for a scientific career in the Ukraine; others prepared for it abroad in the 1920's. In this category belong E. Borschak, V. Zayikyn, as well as Lypynsky's and Doroshenko's students — B. Krupnytsky, D. Olyanchyn, S. Narizhnyi and others.

The third generation appeared in the field of Ukrainian historiography in the 1930's. They were the younger students of the first generation of scholars, and were mostly graduates of the Ukrainian Free University, Warsaw University or the Ukrainian  p403 Scientific Institute in Berlin. Noteworthy among them are M. Antonovych, I. Losky and others.

Finally the fourth generation of Ukrainian historians appears on the scene of scholar­ly activities after World War II.

The older generation of Ukrainian emigre historians continued the scientific research begun in the homeland. Their scientific works were devoted chiefly to problems of synthesis in Ukrainian history and historiography, as well as to scientific popularization. In these fields of scholar­ly endeavor they accomplished a good deal. In particular, they managed to acquaint Western European scholar­ly circles with the achievements of Ukrainian historiography. Cut off from basic archival sources, they could engage in scientific research only to a limited degree, chiefly in the field of Ukrainian political history of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (based primarily on Polish source material), in church history and legal history. They had, however, full opportunity to formulate a statehood-concept of the Ukrainian historical process and, thanks to their widespread and prolific academic activities, they managed to educate new ranks of Ukrainian historians in the same spirit and thus create a statehood school in modern Ukrainian historiography.

First place in Ukrainian emigre historiography along with preeminence in Ukrainian historical science in general is unquestionably shared by V. K. Lypynsky and D. I. Doroshenko. While the principal historical works of Vyacheslav Lypynsky (1882‑1931) belong to the pre-revolution period (see supra), he did center his attention in the 1920's upon problems of historiosophy and sociology, but due to poor health and his premature death he was able to engage in scientific-academic work for only a short time (in the Ukrainian Scientific Institute in Berlin). There is no doubt, nevertheless, that Lypynsky's ideological influence determined the entire development of Ukrainian historiography of the second quarter of the twentieth century.

The scientific and academic activity of D. I. Doroshenko, on the other hand, developed to full maturity abroad.

Dmytro Ivanovych Doroshenko (1882‑1951) was born on April  p404 8, 1882 in Wilna, but his home was Hlukhiv County in the Province of Chernihiv. He came of an old family of Cossack-Hetmans which had given the Ukraine two Hetmans — Mykhaylo and Petro Doroshenko — in the seventeenth century, many Cossack patriots of the eighteenth century and several civic and cultural leaders of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. D. I. Doroshenko finished secondary school in Wilna and studied at the universities of Warsaw, St. Petersburg and Kiev, graduating from the latter in 1909. Even before World War I he distinguished himself as a Ukrainian civic and political leader, publicist, and pedagogue-historian. He worked in St. Petersburg (which had a large number of Ukrainian residents), in Kiev, Katerynoslav, and then again in Kiev. His scholar­ly work was connected with the Katerynoslav Archival Commission (see supra) and with the Ukrainian Scientific Society in Kiev (see supra) where he was secretary and editor of its Ukrayins'kyi Naukovyi Zbirnyk (Ukrainian Scientific Symposium), published in 1914 and 1915. During World War I, D. I. Doroshenko engaged in community relief work on a large scale as delegate of the "Association of Cities" in the area of Galicia and Bukovyna occupied by Russian troops. Following the 1917 revolution the Russian Provisional Government appointed him Regional Commissioner (Governor-General) of Galicia and Bukovyna. That same year he was elected a member of the Ukrainian Central Rada which appointed him chief of the Secretariat-General of the Ukraine (Prime Minister of the Ukrainian Government) but he refused this position and was elected Governor of the Chernihiv Province. In 1918 D. I. Doroshenko became Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Ukrainian Government. In 1919 he was appointed assistant professor at Kamyanets-Podilsk University, but had to emigrate abroad later that year. From 1921 until his death, D. I. Doroshenko was professor of the Ukrainian Free University (in Vienna, Prague and Munich), occupying the Chair of Ukrainian History. Between 1926 and 1936 he was also professor of Ukrainian History at Charles University in Prague. Between 1926 and 1931 Doroshenko was director of the Ukrainian Scientific Institute in Berlin, and between  p405 1936 and 1939 professor of Church History on the faculty of Orthodox Theology of Warsaw University. During the 1945‑1951 period he was president of the Ukrainian Free Academy of Sciences abroad. D. I. Doroshenko was a full member of many scientific societies, both Ukrainian and foreign, notably, corresponding-member of the School of Slavonic and East European Studies of the University of London (elected in 1923 along with M. Hrushevsky and the philologist O. Kolessa). D. I. Doroshenko died in Munich on March 19, 1951.

D. I. Doroshenko left a huge heritage of scientific and literary works. From 1899 on, he published about 1,000 scientific, academic, scientific-popular and journalistic works on Ukrainian history, historiography, the history of Ukrainian culture, church, literature, the history of Ukrainian cultural and political relations with Western Europe (chiefly with Germany), Slavonic studies and Ukrainian historical bibliography in the following languages: Ukrainian, Russian, Byelorussian, Polish, Czech, Serbian, English, French, German, Italian and Swedish.⁠299

Doroshenko's principal works in Ukrainian history are: Narys istoriyi Ukrayiny (An Outline of the History of the Ukraine), vols. I, II (Warsaw, 1932, 1933); Istoriya Ukrayiny 1917‑1923 rokiv (A history of the Ukraine of the 1917‑1923 Period), vol. I (The Central Rada Period), Uzhhorod, 1932, vol. II (The Ukrainian Hetman State of 1918), Uzhhorod, 1930, reprinted in New York, 1954; A History of the Ukraine, Edmonton, 1939; second edition, Edmonton, 1941;⁠a Z istoriyi ukrayin­s'koyi politychnoyi dumky za chasiv svitovoyi viyny (History of Ukrainian Political Thought During the World War), Prague, 1936; in collaboration with the Czech orientalist J. Rypka: "Hejtman Peter Dorošenko a jeho turecká politika" (Hetman Petro Doroshenko and his Turkish Policy), Časopis Národního Musea, No. I‑II, Prague, 1933; and "Polsko, Ukrajina, Krym a Vysoká Porta v prvni pol. XVII stol." (Poland, the Ukraine, the Crimea and the Sublime Porte in the  p406 First Half of the Seventeenth Century), Časopis Národního Musea, No. I, Prague, 1936.

D. I. Doroshenko wrote an extensive monograph about hetman Petro Doroshenko which was not published in full due to the circumstances of World War II. Only some chapters of this work were published, e.g., "Pochatok het'manuvannya Petra Doroshenka 1665‑1666" (Early Days of the Hetmanate of Petro Doroshenko, 1665‑1666) in Pratsi Ukrayin­s'koho Istorychno-Filolohichnoho Tovarystva v Prazi (Works of the Ukrainian Historical Philological Society in Prague), vol. IV, Prague, 1942, and separately, Prague, 1941; "Pols'ko-ukrayins'ka viyna 1671 roku" (The Polish-Ukrainian War of 1671) in Naukovyi Zbirnyk Ukrayin­s'koho Vil'noho Universytetu v Prazi (Scientific Collection of the Ukrainian Free University in Prague), vol. IV, Prague, 1942, and separately, Prague, 1942; "Stepan Opara, nevdalyi het'man Pravoberezhnoyi Ukrayiny" (Stepan Opara, Un­success­ful Hetman of the Right-Bank Ukraine) in Pratsi Ukrayin­s'koho Istorychno-Filolohichnoho Tovarystva v Prazi, vol. II, Prague, 1939, and separately, Prague, 1937.

In the field of Ukrainian historiography D. I. Doroshenko wrote: Ohlyad ukrayin­s'koyi istoriohrafiyi (A Survey of Ukrainian Historiography), Prague, 1923, the first and thus far the only complete course of Ukrainian historiography from the beginnings of Ukrainian historical works until 1923;⁠b monographs about M. Kostomarov,⁠300 P. Kulish,⁠301 V. Antonovych,⁠302 studies about Istoriya Rusov,⁠303 J. B. Scherer,⁠304 D. Bantysh-Kamensky,⁠305  p407 M. Drahomanov,⁠306 V. Horlenko,⁠307 V. Lypynsky⁠308 and a series of articles and reviews.

D. I. Doroshenko devoted the following works to the history of cultural and political relations of the Ukraine with Western Europe, in addition to a series of articles: the monograph Die Ukraine und das Reich. Neun Jahrhunderte deutsch-ukrainischen Beziehungen (The Ukraine and The Reich. Nine Centuries of German-Ukrainian Relations), Leipzig, 1941, second edition, Leipzig, 1942; and the study "Die Ukraine und ihre Geschichte im Lichte der westeuropäischen Literatur des XVIII und der ersten Hälfte des XIX Jhr." (The Ukraine and Its History in the Light of West European Literature of the XVIII and First Half of the XIX Centuries) in Abhandlungen des Ukrainischen Wissenschaftlichen Institutes in Berlin, vol. I, Berlin, 1927, and separately, Berlin, 1927.

 p408  In addition to a series of articles, D. I. Doroshenko wrote a book on Ukrainian church history, Pravoslavna Tserkva v mynulomu i suchasnomu zhytti Ukrayin­s'koho narodu (The Orthodox Church in the Ukrainian People's Past and Present), Berlin, 1940.

In the field of historical bibliography D. I. Doroshenko wrote Ukazatel' Istochnikov dlya oznakomleniya s Yuzhnoi Rus'yu (A Guide to Sources for Knowledge of South Rus′), St. Petersburg, 1904; and a series of outlines of reviews of works on Ukrainian history and publications on its sources, both in Ukrainian and in foreign historical journals (particularly in Zeitschrift für osteuropäische Geschichte, 1931‑1934).

The memoirs of D. I. Doroshenko are also a valuable contribution to Ukrainian historiography. They were published in the form of numerous articles and in separate publications: Moyi Spomyny pro davnye-mynule (1901‑1914 roky) (My Recollections of the Distant Past: the Years 1901‑1914), Winnipeg, 1949; Moyi spomyny pro nedavnye-mynule (1914‑1920) (My Recollections of the Recent Past: 1914‑1920), vols. I‑IV, Lviv, 1923‑1924.

D. I. Doroshenko's work in popularizing Ukrainian history among Ukrainians and in scholar­ship in general is highly commendable. Of primary significance is his popular course (textbook) in Ukrainian history which was published in four editions.⁠309 His sketches of local history of the following areas are also very interesting: Katerynoslav,⁠310 Chernihiv,⁠311 Podolia,⁠312 Galicia,⁠313 Carpathian Ukraine⁠314 and others; also of local history: Po ridnomu  p409 krayu (Over Our Own Land), Kiev, 1919, second edition, Lviv, 1930, third edition, New York, 1956. Particularly important were D. I. Doroshenko's numerous scientific-informative articles in foreign periodical and non-periodical publications, especially in The Slavonic Review and in The Slavonic and East European Review, e.g., "Ukrainian History since 1914" (The Slavonic Review, London, 1924, No. VII); in Historisk Tidskrift, "Svensk-ukrainska förbindelser under 1600‑ och 1700-talen i belysning av den nyaste ukrainska historieskrivningen" (Swedish-Ukrainian Relations in the 1600‑1700 Period in the Light of the Most Recent Ukrainian Historical Research), Stockholm, 1937, No. 2; in Zeitschrift für osteuropäische Geschichte (Berlin); Jahrbücher für Kultur und Geschichte der Slaven (Breslau); Zeitschrift für slavische Philologie (Berlin); Slavische Rundschau, Germano-Slavica (Prague); Slovanský Přehled (Prague); Časopis Národního Musea (Prague); Przegląd Współczesny (Warsaw); Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas (Breslau); Kyrios (Königsberg); and others.

One must fully agree with D. I. Doroshenko's biographer, Professor L. Biletsky, that the work of D. I. Doroshenko is "a great and important page of Ukrainian national history for society, in culture, in politics and science."⁠315

In Ukrainian historiography especially, Doroshenko occupies one of the most prominent places. As the bearer of the finest traditions of Ukrainian historiography of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, he was the first among Ukrainian historians to compile a scholar­ly outline of Ukrainian history from the earliest times to our own days, not merely as a process of the historical development of the Ukrainian people, but also as a process of the development of Ukrainian nationhood.

 p410  Noteworthy among emigre historians of the older generation are also V. Bidnov and O. Lototsky.

Vasyl' Bidnov (1874‑1935), professor at the Ukrainian Free University (1923‑1929) and the Orthodox Theological Faculty of Warsaw University (1929‑1935), carried on studies in the history of the Southern Ukraine and church history. A series of his studies and articles was published by the Ukrainian Free University, the Ukrainian Historical-Philological Society, the Shevchenko Scientific Society (in its Zapysky) and in others, notably: " 'Ustnoe povestvovanie zaporozhtsa N. L. Korzha' ta yoho pokhodzhennya i znachinnya" (The Origin and Significance of the Storytelling of the Zaporozhian N. L. Korzh), in Pratsi Ukrayin­s'koho Istorychno-Filolohichnoho Tovarystva v Prazi (Works of the Ukrainian Historical-Philological Society in Prague), vol. I, Prague, 1926, and separately, Prague, 1925; "Apolon Skal'kovsky, yak istoryk Stepovoyi Ukrayiny" (Apolon Skal'kovsky as Historian of the Steppe Ukraine), in Naukovyi yuvileynyi zbirnyk Ukrayin­s'koho Vil'noho Universytetu v Prazi, prysvyachenyi Masarykovi (The Scientific Jubilee Symposium of the Ukrainian Free University in Prague Dedicated to Masaryk), vol. I, Prague, 1925; "Sichovyi arkhymandryt Volodymyry Sokal'sky v narodniy pamyati ta osvitlenni istorychnykh dzherel" (Volodymyr Sikal'sky, Archimandrite of Sich, in National Memory and in the Light of Historical Sources), ZNTSH, vol. CXLVII, Lviv, 1927; "Mariya Mahdalyna, maty het'mana Mazepy" (Maria Mahdalyna, Mother of Hetman Mazepa), Mazepa, vol. I, Warsaw, 1938; "Tserkovna anatema na het'mana Mazepu" (Church Anathema on Hetman Mazepa), Mazepa, vol. II, Warsaw, 1939; and others.

Oleksander Lototsky (1870‑1939), professor at the Ukrainian Free University (1923‑1928) and of the Orthodox Theological Faculty of Warsaw University, director of the Ukrainian Scientific Institute in Warsaw, investigated Ukrainian church history and church law. He published monographs: Ukrayins'ki dzherela tserkovnoho prava (Ukrainian Sources of Church Law), Warsaw,  p411 1931;⁠316 and Avtokefaliya (Autocephaly), vols. I, II, Warsaw, 1935 and 1938, an introduction to an extensive monograph on Ukrainian church history which, however, was not published; studies about religious institutions of Volodymyr the Great: "Tserkovnyi ustav kn. Volodymyra Velykoho" (Ecclesiastic Laws of Prince Volodymyr the Great), Lviv, 1925, reprinted from Yuvileynyi Zbirnyk NTSH (Jubilee Symposium of the Shevchenko Scientific Society); and "Svytok Yaroslavl' " in Naukovyi Yuvileynyi Zbirnyk Ukrayin­s'koho Universytetu v Prazi (Jubilee Symposium of the Ukrainian University in Prague), v. I, Prague, 1925; about the legality of Anathematizing Hetman Ivan Mazepa, Mazepa, vol. II, Warsaw, 1939; and others.

Ivan Ohiyenko (subsequently Metropolitan Ilarion, see supra), born in Kiev Province in 1882, also studied problems of church history. A philologist by profession, he is the author of numerous works on Ukrainian and Slavic philology and the history of culture. He published a two-volume work, Ukrayins'ka Tserkva. Narysy z istoriyi ukrain­s'koyi Tserkvy (The Ukrainian Church — An Outline of Ukrainian Church History), Prague, 1942; and a series of studies and articles. In addition, he wrote a documentary work, "Varshavs'ka zbirka pro Orlyka" (Warsaw Collection About Orlyk), in Zapysksy ChSVV, vol. VI, 1‑2, 1935.

Vyacheslav Prokopovych, 1881‑1942, also belongs to this generation. He began his scholar­ly career in Kiev. His study "Kyyivs'ka Militsiya" (The Kiev Militia) was published in the journal Nashe Mynule, No. 1, Kiev, 1918. He continued his research as an emigre in France. His extensive work on the repeal of Magdeburg Law in Kiev was published after the author's death in Pid zolotoyu korohvoyu (Under the Golden Banner), Paris, 1943. Prokopovych developed most of his work to Ukrainian sphragistics, but he only managed to publish the study "Sfrahistychni anekdoty" (Sphragistic anecdotes) in Pratsi Ukrayin­s'koho Istorychno-Filolohichnoho Tovarystva (Works of the Ukrainian Historical-Philological Society), vol. II, Prague, 1939, and separately,  p412 Prague, 1938. His major work Sfrahistychni studiyi (Sphragistic Studies) which constitutes a scientific survey of Ukrainian sphragistics, as well as his special study Pechat' Malorossiiskaya (The Seal of Little Russia) were published after his death in ZNTSH, vol. CLXIII, Paris-New York, 1954.⁠317

Historians of Ukrainian law of the older generation working as emigres were R. Lashchenko, A. Yakovliv and S. Shelukhyn.

Rostyslav Lashchenko, 1878‑1929, professor of the Ukrainian Free University (1922‑1929), actually began his scholar­ly career as an emigre. He devoted his research mainly to the history of Ukrainian law of the Lithuanian period. He published a monograph "Kopni sudy na Ukrayini, yikh pokhodzhennya, kompetentsiya i ustriy" (Kopni (Common-Law) Courts in the Ukraine, Their Origin, Competence and Organization) in Zbirnyk Pravnychnoyi Komisiyi pry Istorychno-Filosofychniy Sektsiyi Naukovoho Tovarystva im. Shevchenka (Symposium of the Law Commission of the Shevchenko Scientific Society Historical-Philosophical Section), I‑II, Lviv, 1926‑1927; a study "Lytovs'kyi Statut, yako pamyatnyk ukrayin­s'koho prava" (The Lithuanian Statute as a Monument of Ukrainian Law) in Naukovyi Zbirnyk Ukrayin­s'koho Vil'noho Universytetu v Prazi (Scientific Symposium of the Ukrainian Free University in Prague), vol. I, Prague, 1923; and others. In addition, he wrote a study "Pereyaslavs'kyi dohovir 1654 r." (The Treaty of Pereyaslav of 1654) in Yuvileynyi Zbirnyk na poshanu Prof. S. Dnistryan­s'koho (Jubilee Symposium Dedicated to Prof. S. Dnistryanksy), Prague, 1923, in which he defended the thesis that the Treaty of Pereyaslav had established relations between the Ukraine and Muscovy based on a personal alliance; the Hetman as chief of the independent Ukrainian State, recognized the "moral authority" of the Muscovite tsar only as a mere formality. Lashchenko also published his Lektsiyi po istoriyi ukrayin­s'koho prava (Lectures on the History of Ukrainian Law), part I, The  p413 Princely Period (Prague, 1923) and part II, The Lithuanian-Polish Period, vol. I, Prague, 1924.

The work of Professor A. Yakovliv, who worked diligently until 1955, is of special importance to Ukrainian historiography.

Andriy Yakovliv, 1872‑1955, a native of Kiev Province, lawyer and prominent civic and political leader, began his scholar­ly career before 1917. In 1907 he published the study in the journal Ukrayina, "Namisnyky, derzhavtsi i starosty hospodar­s'koho zamku Cherka­s'koho v XV‑XVI st." (The Vicegerents, Tenants, and Starosty of the Grand-Ducal Castle in Cherkasy in the XV and XVI Centuries); and "Z istoriyi registratsiyi ukrayins'kykh kozakiv" (From the History of the Registration of Ukrainian Cossacks), Ukrayina, vol. III, Kiev, 1907. He developed extensive scientific work only after he went abroad, where he became professor of the Ukrainian Free University in 1924. Yakovliv wrote numerous treatises on Ukrainian legal history, mainly of the Lithuanian-Polish and Cossack-Hetman periods, particularly analyses of common-law (kopni) courts in the Ukraine: "Do pytannya pro genezu kopnykh sudiv na Ukrayini" (The Problem of the Origin of "Kopni" Courts in Ukraine), in Zhyttya i Pravo (Life and Law), Lviv, 1928, I‑II); "Kopni sudy na Ukrayini XVI‑XVII st." ("Kopni" Courts in the Ukraine in the XVI and XVII Centuries) in Yuvileynyi Zbirnyk Ukrayin­s'koho Vil'noho Universytetu u Prazi (Jubilee Symposium of the Ukrainian Free University in Prague), v. II, Prague, 1930; "Ukrainian Common-Law Procedure," The Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U. S., vol. II, No. 4/6, New York, 1952; and others, and the study Vplyvy staroche­s'koho prava na pravo ukrayins'ke Lytov­s'koyi doby (The Influence of the Old Czech Law on Ukrainian Law of the Lithuanian Period), Prague, 1929; studies of Magdeburg Law in the Ukraine, especially the monograph Das deutsche Recht in der Ukraine und Seine Einflüsse auf das ukrainische Recht im XVI‑XVIII Jahrhundert (German Law in the Ukraine and its Influence on Ukrainian Law in the XVI‑XVIII Centuries), Leipzig, 1942; and others.

Ukrainian historiography is particularly enriched by A. Yakovliv's many treatises on the history of international-legal  p414 relations of the Ukraine with Muscovy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and the codifications of Ukrainian law in the eighteenth century, particularly two monographs; Ukrayins'ko-Moskovs'ki dohovory XVII‑XVIII st. (Ukrainian-Muscovite Treaties of the XVII and XVIII Centuries), Warsaw, 1934,⁠318 and Dohovir het'mana Bohdana Khmelnyt­s'koho z moskovs'kym tsarem Oleksiyem Mykhaylovychem 1654 r. (Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky's Treaty with the Muscovite Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in 1654), New York, 1954; treatises: "Dohovir B. Khmelnyt­s'koho z Moskvoyu 1654" (B. Khmelnytsky's Treaty with Muscovy of 1654), in Yuvileynyi Zbirnyk VUAN na poshanu akad. D. Bahaliya, Kiev, 1928; "Statti B. Khmelnyt­s'koho v redaktsiyi 1659 r." (B. Khmelnytsky's Articles in the 1659 Edition), in Yuvileynyi Zbirnyk VUAN na poshanu akad. M. Hrushev­s'koho, vol. I, Kiev, 1928; and others; the monograph "Ukrayins'kyi kodeks 1743 roku. 'Prava, po kotorym suditsya malorossiiskii narod' " (The Ukrainian Code of 1743 — Law by Which the Little Russian People Are Tried) in ZNTSH, vol. CLIX, Munich, 1949; and several studies devoted to the history of sources of that code.

Finally, A. Yakovliv worked in the field of Ukrainian historiography, especially on Istoriya Rusov; he published two treatises: "Do pytannya pro avtora Istoriyi Rusiv" (The Question of the Author­ship of Istoriya Rusov) in Zapysky NTSH, Lviv, vol. CLIV, 1937; and "Istoriya Rusov and Its Author" in The Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U. S., vol. III, No. 2 (8), New York, 1953.

Problems of Ukrainian legal history of the Princely Period, and problems of Ukrainian history (particularly ancient) were studied by Serhiy Shelukhyn (1860‑1938), professor of the Ukrainian Free University beginning 1921, who advanced, among others, the theory of the Celtic origin of Rus′: Zvidkilya pokhodyt' Rus′? (What is the Origin of Rus′?), Prague, 1929. However, this occasioned serious reservations.

 p415  The second generation of Ukrainian emigre historians actually began scholar­ly activities abroad, although some had already begun their scientific career in the Ukraine. Special characteristics of this generation were: direct contacts with Western European historical science and extensive utilization of Western European documentary sources in research of Ukrainian history, which was of prime importance to the subsequent development of Ukrainian historiography. The activities of B. Krupnytsky and E. Borschak were particularly prolific in this respect.

Borys Krupnytsky, 1894‑1956, a native of Kiev Province, graduate of Kiev and Berlin universities, and a student of Doroshenko at the Ukrainian Scientific Institute in Berlin, became an assistant in 1931, and a professor in 1941 at the Ukrainian Free University. He devoted his main studies to the political history of the Ukraine in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, seeking out, for this purpose, material in German and Swedish archives; also to Ukrainian historiography and methodological problems of Ukrainian history. Krupnytsky wrote the following monographs: Het'man Pylyp Orlyk (1672‑1742). Ohlyad yoho politychnoyi diyal'nosty (Hetman Pylyp Orlyk, 1672‑1742 — Outline of His Political Activity), Warsaw, 1938; Hetman Mazepa und seine Zeit (1687‑1709) (Hetman Mazepa and his Times, 1687‑1709), Leipzig, 1942; Het'man Danylo Apostol i yoho doba (Hetman Danylo Apostol and his Times), Augsburg, 1948; and a series of treatises, the most important of which are: Johann Christian v. Engel und die Geschichte der Ukraine (Johann Christian v. Engel and Ukrainian History), Berlin, 1931; and "J. Ch. Engel's Geschichte der Ukraine" (J. Ch. Engel's History of Ukraine) in Abhandlungen des Ukr. Wiss. Institutes in Berlin, Berlin, 1931, vol. III; "Het'man Mazepa v osvitlennyu nimet­s'koyi literatury yoho chasu" (Hetman Mazepa in the Light of the German Literature of his Time), in Zapysky ChSVV, vol. IV, Nos. I‑II, Zhovkva, 1932, and separately, Zhovkva, 1932; "Teofan Prokopovych i shvedy" (Teofan Prokopovych and the Swedes), in Zapysky ChSVV, vol. VI, Nos. 1‑2, Lviv, 1935, and separately, Zhovkva, 1934; "Zu den Anfängen des Hajdamakentums"  p416 (The Origins of the Haydamak Movement), in Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, II, Breslau-Berlin, 1936; "Pylyp Orlyk i Sava Chalyi" (Pylyp Orlyk and Sava Chalyi), in Pratsi Ukrayin­s'koho Istorychno-Filolohichnoho Tovarystva v Prazi (Works of the Ukrainian Historical-Philological Society in Prague), vol. II, Prague, 1939, and separately, Prague, 1937; a series of treatises, articles and materials about Ukrainian-Swedish relations under Mazepa, especially in 1708 and 1709 (Mazepa vols. I and II, Warsaw, 1938‑1939);⁠319 "Philipp Orlyk und die Katholische Kirche" (Pylyp Orlyk and the Catholic Church) in Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, No. 3/4, Breslau-Berlin, 1940; "Z zhyttya pershoyi ukrayin­s'koyi emigratsiyi" (The Life of the First Ukrainian Emigres) in Pratsi Ukrayin­s'koho Istorychno-Filolohichnoho Tovarystva v Prazi (Works of the Ukr. Hist.-Phil. Soc. in Prague), vol. III, Prague, 1941, and separately, Prague, 1940; "Z istoriyi Pravoberezhzhya 1683‑1688 r." (From the History of the Right-Bank 1683‑1688), ibid., vol. IV, Prague, 1942, and separately; Beiträge zur Ideologie der Istorija Rusow ("Geschichte der Reussen") (Notes on the Ideology of "Istoriya Rusov"), Berlin, 1944 (mimeographed);⁠320 and others.⁠321

B. Krupnytsky published a course in Ukrainian history in German, Geschichte der Ukraine, Leipzig, 1939; 2nd ed., Leipzig,  p417 1943; and an extensive work of historiographic character: Osnovni problemy istoriyi Ukrayiny (Basic Problems of History of Ukraine), Munich, 1955, mimeographed.

Elie Borschak (Illya Borshchak), born in Kherson Province in 1892, graduate of St. Petersburg, Kiev and Odessa universities, by profession a lawyer and classical philologist, and assistant in International Law at Odessa University, has been living abroad since 1919 and working in archives and libraries in Vienna, London, Rome, Stockholm, Upsala, Leyden and, mostly, in Paris. Since 1938 E. Borschak was a lecturer and then professor of the Ukrainian Language, Literature and Civilization in the Ecole Nationale des Langues Orientales Vivantes in Paris; in addition, he is a full member of the Slavic Institute of the University of Paris.

Prof. Borschak's scholar­ly works are mainly devoted to the political history of the Ukraine of the seventeenth to the twentieth centuries, to Franco-Ukrainian relations in the past, and to Ukrainian historiography. He discovered in French public and private archives very important documentary material about Ukrainian emigres of the eighteenth century, especially about the political activities of Hetman Pylyp Orlyk and his son, a general in the service of France, Count Hryhor Orlyk. Part of this material has been published. Among these, first place belongs to the diary of Pylyp Orlyk, his treatise, the manuscript Vyvid prav Ukrayiny, 1712 r. (Deduction on the Ukraine's Rights) and the correspondence between the elder and younger Orlyk.

Professor E. Borschak published the following monographs: Velykyi Mazepynets' Hryhor Orlyk, heneral-poruchnyk Lyudovyka XV (The Great Follower of Mazepa, Hryhor Orlyk, Lieutenant-General of Louis XV), Lviv, 1932 — published in English as Hryhor Orlyk, France's Cossack General (Toronto, 1956); Napoleon i Ukrayina (Napoleon and the Ukraine), Lviv, 1937; A. Voynarovsky, Lviv, 1939; treatises: "Napoléon et l'Ukraine" in Revue des Etudes Napoléoniennes, 1922, VIII‑IX, Paris; "Orlikiana. Opys nevydanykh dokumentiv pro het'mana Orlyka, yoho rodynu i otochennya" (Orlikiana, A Description of Unpublished  p418 Documents About Hetman Orlyk, His Family and Entourage) in Khliborobs'ka Ukrayina, vol. IV, Vienna, 1923; "Het'man Pylyp Orlyk i Frantsiya" (Hetman Pylyp Orlyk and France), ZNTSH, vol. CXXXIV‑CXXXV, Lviv, 1924; "Pylyp Orlyk. Vyvid prav Ukrayiny" (Pylyp Orlyk, Devolution of the Rights of the Ukraine), Stara Ukrayina, Lviv, 1925, I‑II; "Aresht Voynarov­s'koho" (The Arrest of Voynarovsky), ZNTSH, vols. CXXXVIII‑CXL, Lviv, 1925; "Voltaire i Ukrayina" (Voltaire and the Ukraine), Ukrayina, Kiev, 1926, I; "Svedchyna i frantsuz'ka dyplomatiya" (The Swedes and French Diplomacy) in Naukovyi Zbirnyk Istorychnoyi Sektsyi UVAN za rik 1928 (Scientific Symposium of the Historical Section of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences for 1928), Kiev, 1929; "Early Relations Between England and the Ukraine," The Slavonic and East European Review, London, vol. X, June 1931; "Mazepa lyudyna i istorychnyi diyach" (Mazepa the Man and Historic Leader), ZNTSH, vol. CLII, No. I, Lviv, 1933;⁠322 "A Little-known French Biography of Yuras' Khmelnytsky," The Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences in the U. S., vol. III, No. 1 (7), 1953; and many others.

E. Borschak devoted much work to problems of Ukrainian historiography and to Western European (mainly French) research and material on Ukrainian history. In particular, he wrote a monograph on "Istoriya Rusov" under the title: La légende historique de l'Ukraine, Istorija Rusov, Paris, 1949; and a detailed review: "L'Ukraine dans la littérature de l'Europe Occidentale," Le Monde Slave, 1933, vols. II, IV, 1934, vols. I, II, IV, 1935, and separately, 1935; and others.

Other noteworthy works by E. Borschak are: "Le mouvement national Ukrainien au XIXe siècle," Le Monde Slave, 1930, XI‑XII, and separately, Paris, 1930; "Traité de la Paix à Brest-Litovsk," Le Monde Slave, 1934; "L'Ukraine à la Conférence  p419 de la Paix 1919‑1923," Le Monde Slave, 1937, I‑III, 1938, I, and separately, Paris, 1938.

Professor Borschak is the editor of Ukrayina, a journal of Ukrainian studies and Ukrainian-French cultural relations, published in Paris since 1949 (nine issues have been published thus far). He edits a regular column "La chronique ukrainienne" in Revue des Etudes Slaves, Paris.

Domet Olyanchyn (born 1891 in Podolia), graduate of Berlin University and student of V. Lypynsky in the Ukrainian Scientific Institute in Berlin, devoted his works to seventeenth and eighteenth century Ukrainian history (politics, culture and economics). Working in German archives and collections of manuscripts he assembled much material on the history of Ukrainian-German relations in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and on the basis of this he wrote a series of treatises, especially: "Dva lysty het'maniv B. Khmelnyt­s'koho i I. Vyhov­s'koho do Kurfyursta Brandenburz'koho Fridrikha Vil'hel'ma" (Two letters of Hetmans B. Khmelnytsky and I. Vyhovsky to Kurfürst of Brandenburg, Frederick Wilhelm) in Khliborobs'ka Ukrayina (Agricultural Ukraine), vol. V, Vienna, 1924‑1925; and "Iz materiyaliv do ukrayins'ko-nimets'kykh politychnykh znosyn druhoyi polovyny XVII v." (Materials on Ukrainian-German Political Relations in the Second Half of the XVII Century) in Abhandlungen des Ukrainischen Wissenchaftlichen Institutes in Berlin, vol. I, Berlin, 1927; "Ukrayins'ko-brandenburz'ki politychni znosyny v XVII st." (Ukrainian-Brandenburg Political Relations in the XVII Century) in ZNTSH, vol. CLI, Lviv, 1931; "Do istoriyi torhovli Rusy-Ukrayiny z Baltykoyu, zokrema-zh Staroduba z Kenigsbergom XVII i poch. XVIII st." (On the History of Commerce of Ukraine‑Rus' with the Baltic, Particularly Between Starodub and Königsberg in the XVII and Early XVIII Centuries), in Zapysky ChSVV, vol. VI, Nos. 1‑2, and separately, Zhovkva, 1932; "Torhovel'ni znosyny Ukrayiny z Breslavlem u XVIII st." (Commercial Relations of the Ukraine with Breslau in the XVIII Century) in Nasha Kul'tura, Warsaw, 1935, vol. VIII; "Torhovel'ni znosyny Ukrayiny z Lyayptsygom u XVIII st."  p420 (Ukrainian Commercial Relations with Leipzig in the XVIII Century), ibid., 1936, I (10); Aus dem Kultur und Geistesleben der Ukraine" (On the Cultural and Spiritual Life of the Ukraine), parts I and II, Kyrios, 1936, No. 2 and 1937, Nos. 1‑4, which contains a list of Ukrainian students who studied at Western European, mainly German, universities.

Other noteworthy works of Domet Olyanchyn are: "Do istoriyi torhovli Ukrayiny z Krymom (1754‑1758)" (On the History of Ukrainian Trade with the Crimea 1754‑1758) in ZNTSH, vol. CLII, 1933; "Opys podorozhi shved­s'koho posla na Ukrayinu 1656‑1657" (Description of the Trip of a Swedish Envoy to the Ukraine in 1656‑1657), ibid., vol. CLIV, 1937, and a series of treatises on cultural and economic relations of the Ukraine with the West, mainly with Germany, published in the Warsaw journal Nasha Kul'tura, 1935‑1937.

D. Olyanchyn also wrote a dissertation on Hryhoriy Skovoroda: "Hryhorij Skovoroda, 1722‑1794. Der Ukrainische Philosoph des XVIII Jahrhunderts und seine geistig-kulturelle Umwelt" (Hryhoriy Skovoroda, 1722‑1794, The Ukrainian Philosopher of the XVIII Century and his Spiritual-Cultural World), Berlin-Königsberg, 1928, in Osteuropäische Forschungen, N. F., vol. 2.

The Ukrainian Free University in Prague was directly responsible for the scholar­ly careers of S. Narizhnyi and P. Fedenko, who devoted their work chiefly to problems of Ukrainian political history of the seventeenth century.

Symon Narizhnyi (born 1898), since 1933 assistant and subsequently professor of the Ukrainian Free University, worked mostly on the period of Hetman Ivan Vyhovsky, also on Ukrainian historiography and the history of culture. He published treatises: Iohann Vyhovskyj im Dienste Moskoviens (Ivan Vyhovsky in Moscow's Service), Lviv, 1928;⁠323 "Het'manstvo Vyhov­s'koho" (The Hetmanate of Vyhovsky), Pratsi Ukrayin­s'koho Vysokoho Pedahohichnoho Instytutu imeny M. Drahomanova, vol. I, Prague, 1929; "Rozviduvannya moskovs'kykh poslantsiv na Ukrayini v  p421 druhiy polovyni XVII v." (Espionage of Muscovite Agents in the Ukraine in the Second Half of the XVII Century) in Pratsi Ukrayin­s'koho Istorychno-Filolohichnoho Tovarystva v Prazi, vol. III, Prague, 1941; "Sudivnytstvo i kary na Zaporizhzhi" (Courts and Penalties in Zaporozhe) in Pratsi Ukrayin­s'koho Naukovoho Tovarystva v Amerytsi, I. Zbirnyk Ukrayin­s'koho Naukovoho Instytutu v Amerytsi, St. Paul (Minn.)-Prague, 1939; "Deistviya prezelnoi brani" ("Deystviya prezelnoi brani" — on Hrabyanka's Chronicle) in Pratsi Ukrayin­s'koho Istorychno-Filolohichnoho Tovarystva v Prazi, vol. II, Prague, 1939 and separately, Prague, 1938. Narizhnyi also wrote articles of an historiographic nature: on V. Bidnov, "Naukova pratsya Prof. V. O. Bidnova" (Scientific Work of professor V. O. Bidnov), Pamyaty Prof. Vasylya Bidnova (In Memory of Prof. Vasyl' Bidnov), Prague, 1936; on M. Vasylenko, M. P. Vasylenko i yoho naukova diyal'nist' (M. P. Vasylenko and his Scholar­ly Activities), Lviv, 1936; on the Odessa Society of History and Antiquities, Pratsi Ukrayin­s'koho Istorychno-Filolohichnoho Tovarystva v Prazi, vol. IV, Prague, 1942, and separately, Prague, 1941; and on the Historical-Philological Society, ibid., vol. V Prague, 1944, and separately, Prague, 1944.

Narizhnyi also compiled a detailed outline of the work of Ukrainian emigres, part I of which was published in the series Studiyi Muzeyu Vyzvol'noyi Borot'by Ukrayiny (Studies of the Museum of the Ukrainian Liberation Struggle), vol. I: "Ukrayins'ka emihratsiya. Kul'turna pratsya ukrayin­s'koyi emihratsiyi mizh dvoma svitovymy viynamy" (Ukrainian Emigres, Cultural Work of Ukrainian Emigres Between Two World Wars), part I, Prague, 1942.

Panas Fedenko worked on the period of Khmelnytsky and of the Ruin. Fedenko was associate professor at the Ukrainian Free University and author of treatises: "Z dyplomatychnoyi diyal'nosty Danyla Hreka" (Diplomatic Activities of Danylo Hrek), Pratsi Ukrayin­s'koho Vysokoho Pedahohichnoho Instytutu imeny M. Drahomanova, vol. I, Prague, 1929; "Politychni plyany Ya. Komen­s'koho ta Ukrayina" (Ya. Komensky's Political  p422 Plans and the Ukraine), ibid., vol. II, Prague, 1932; Istoriya sotsiyal'noyi ta politychnoyi borot'by v Ukrayini (History of the Social and Political Struggle in the Ukraine), parts I and II, Lviv, 1936; and others.

Vasyl' Kuchabsky carried on studies of modern Ukrainian history. He is the author of a monograph, Die West-Ukraine im Kampfe mit Polen und dem Bolschewismus in den Jahren 1918‑1923 (The West Ukraine in the Struggle Against Poland and Bolshevism in the Years 1918‑1923), Berlin 1934.

The history of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church was studied by Yevhen Sakovych, author of the treatises: Kościół Prawosławny w Polsce w epoce Sejmu Wielkiego 1788‑92 (The Orthodox Church in Poland in the Period of the Great Sejm 1788‑92), Warsaw, 1934; Pins'ki Sobor 1791 roku (The Synod of Pinsk of 1791), Kremyanets', 1936, reprinted from the journal Tserkva i narid (The Church and the People); and others.

Oleksander Haymanivsky, professor of the Ukrainian Free University, did research in the history of Ukrainian law. His special treatises are: "Vid 'Pravdy Ru­s'koyi' do Lytov­s'koho Statutu" (From "Rus'ka Pravda" to the Lithuanian Statute) in Zhyttya i pravo (Life and Law), Lviv, 1934, No. 7; and "Zamitky do kharakterystyky holovnykh rys ukrayin­s'koho prava doby 'Ru­s'koyi Pravdy' " (Notes on the Main Characteristics of Ukrainian Law of the 'Rus'ka Pravda' Period), Pratsi Ukrayin­s'koho Naukovoho Instytutu v Amerytsi, I, Zbirnyk Ukrayin­s'koho Naukovoho Instytutu v Amerytsi, St. Paul (Minn.)-Prague, 1939.

Problems of Ukrainian heraldry and genealogy were studied by Ivan (Jan) Tokarzewski-Karaszewicz (Tokarzhevsky-Karashevych), 1885‑1954, who wrote the treatise "Herb i pokhodzhennya Het'mana I. Mazepy" (Coat of Arms and Origin of Hetman I. Mazepa), Mazepa, vol. I, Warsaw, 1938; and edited volumes I and II (see supra) of the Warsaw edition of the Diary of Hetman Pylyp Orlyk.

The works of Volodymyr Sichynsky (born 1894 in Podolia),⁠324 are on the borderline between the history of culture and  p423 art and general Ukrainian history. Professor at the Ukrainian Free University, Sichynsky is one of the few Ukrainian emigre scholars who concentrated on the history of Ukrainian industry. He published Narysy z istoriyi ukrayin­s'koyi promyslovosty (An Outline of the History of Ukrainian Industry), Lviv, 1936; and articles, "Papierfabriken in der Ukraine im XVI‑XVIII Jahrhundert" (Paper-Mills in the Ukraine in XVI‑XVIII Centuries) in Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, Mainz, 1941 and separately; and "Ukrayins'ka portselyana" (Ukrainian Porcelain), Philadelphia, 1952. Sichynsky collected much material on foreigners' descriptions of the Ukraine from the earliest times to the end of the nineteenth century and published it in Ukrainian, "Chuzhyntsi pro Ukrayinu" (Foreigners on the Ukraine) in several editions, the largest, Prague, 1942 — and in English, The Ukraine in Foreign Comments and Descriptions from the VI to the XX Century, New York, 1954.

Vyacheslav Zayikyn occupies a rather distinct place among historians of this generation. He is a jurist-historian, graduate of Kharkiv University, and was subsequently professor of the Orthodox Theological Faculty of Warsaw University. His main area of research was church history and the history of law. He published his treatises in Zapysky ChSVV, Bohosloviya and Sprawozdania Towarzystwa Naukowego we Lwowie (Reports of the Scientific Society in Lviv), in Przewodnik Historyczno-Prawny (Historical-Legal Guide) and other publications. He wrote the following treatises: Chrześcijaństwo w Europie Wschodniej od czasów Apostolskich do Ksiȩcia Igora Starego (Christianity in Eastern Europe from Apostolic Times to Prince Igor the Elder), Warsaw, 1926; "Khrystiyanstvo na Ukrayini za chasiv knyazya Yaropolka I (969‑979)" (Christianity in the Ukraine During the Times of Prince Yaropolk I, 969‑979), Zapysky ChSVV, vol. III, Nos. 1‑2, 3‑4; "Preosvyashchennyi Stefan, epyskop Volodymyrs'kyi i Halyts'kyi ta yoho vidnoshennya do uniyi rus'ko-pravoslavnoyi Tserkvy z ryms'ko-katolyts'koyu v ostanniy chverti XI st." (His Grace Stefan, Bishop of Volodymyr and Galicia and his Attitude Toward the Union of the Rus′ Orthodox Church with the Roman Catholic  p424 in the Last Quarter of the XI Century), Zapysky ChSVV, vol. III, No. 1‑2; and others; the monograph Uchastie svetskago elementa v tserkovnom upravlenii, vybornoe nachalo i "sobornost' " v Kievskoi mitropolii v XVI‑XVII vekakh (Participation of Lay Elements in Church Administration, The Elective Principle and the Synodal Doctrines in the Kievan Metropolitanate in the XVI and XVII Centuries), Warsaw, 1930;⁠325 outlines of Ukrainian church historiography (Zapysky ChSVV, II, 3‑4) and of the historiography of Ukrainian law: "Istorychno-pravnycha nauka ukrayin­s'koyi emigratsiyi ta pravni ideolohichni napryamy v niy" (Historical-Legal Science of Ukrainian Emigres and Its Ideological Legal Trends), in collaboration with Oleksandra Zayikyn, in Przewodnik Historyczny-Prawny, vol. V, Lviv, 1937, and other publications.

The third generation of Ukrainian historians-emigres, the generation of scholars of the 1930's, had much in common with the prior generation. They also were the students of historians of the first generation, and also applied themselves to studies of Western European (mostly German) source material of Ukrainian history, and they, too, were mainly interested in political and cultural history. But they grew up under different circumstances, and certain influences of the Western European political ideas of the twenties and thirties made their imprint upon their scholar­ly interests, choice of subjects and works. They had a yearning for historical synthesis, but their first attempts in this direction were probably premature and were somewhat too journalistic in nature. Able and even talented, well-versed in Western European historical science and historiography, many of them unfortunately became victims either of financial difficulties of the 1930's or of the misfortunes of World War II. Nevertheless, they left a definite imprint on and a good name in Ukrainian historiography.

Mykhaylo Antonovych, 1909‑1955, grandson of Volodymyr Antonovych and son of Dmytro Antonovych (see supra) was particularly  p425 promising. A graduate of the Ukrainian Free University and of the Ukrainian Scientific Institute in Berlin, with which he was subsequently associated, he began his studies with the Napoleonic era. His doctoral thesis was devoted to the activities of Prince M. H. Repnin as Viceroy of Saxony,⁠326 and was entitled Knyaz' Repnin, heneral-hubernator Saksonyi (Prince Repnin, Governor-General of Saxony), Berlin, 1936. Working in the archives of Germany (Dresden, Berlin, Königsberg, Danzig) and Poland, he collected a lot of new material on Ukrainian political history of the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries. He was at first interested in Ukrainian-German relations of the eighteenth century, but subsequently he began broader research in the history of the Cossack period and the Cossack uprisings in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. He published several treatises, the most important of which are: "Studiyi z chasiv Nalyvayka" (Studies of the Times of Nalyvayko), parts I‑IV, Pratsi Ukrayin­s'koho Istorychno-Filolohichnoho Tovarystva u Prazi, vol. IV, Prague, 1942, and separately, Prague, 1941; "Pereyaslavs'ka kampaniya 1630 r." (The Pereyaslav Campaign of 1630), ibid., vol. V, Prague, 1944, and separately, Prague, 1944. His monograph about Hetman Petro Konashevych-Sahaydachnyi, ready for publication, was not printed due to the war.

M. Antonovych also published a scientific-popular Istoriya Ukrayiny (History of the Ukraine) in four short volumes (Prague, 1940‑1942) which occasioned some critical reservations. M. Antonovych believed that the main factor of Ukrainian history was the process of colonization, and he relegated the national factor to a place of lesser importance. M. Antonovych also wrote a short outline of Ukrainian history, "Geschichte der ukrainischen Staatlichkeit" (History of Ukrainian Statehood) in the collection Handbuch der Ukraine.⁠327 His scholar­ly activity was interrupted in 1945. He was deported to the U. S. S. R. and died in exile there.

The untimely death in 1936 of Ihor Losky, graduate  p426 of the Ukrainian Free University and of the Ukrainian Scientific Institute in Berlin, cut short his work. He also worked in German archives on research of the history of Ukrainian-German cultural relations of the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries. He published the treatises: "Ukrayintsi na studiyakh v Nimechchyni v XVI‑XVIII st." (Ukrainians Studying in Germany in the XVI‑XVIII Centuries), ZNTSH, vol. CLI, 1931; "Ukrayins'ki studenty v Rostoku i Kili" (Ukrainian Students in Rostock and Kiel), Zapysky ChSVV, vol. IV, Nos. 1‑2, Zhovkva, 1932; and "Zur Geschichte der kulturellen Beziehungen zwischen Deutschland und der Ukraine im 17 und 18 Jahrhundert" (On the History of Cultural Relations Between Germany and the Ukraine in the 17th and 18th Centuries) in Deutsche wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift für Polen, Posen, 1935, No. 29.

Among graduates of the Warsaw Orthodox Theological Faculty and students of D. I. Doroshenko, Ivan Soyko worked on the political history of the Ukraine of the second half of the seventeenth century, utilizing source material in Polish archives. He wrote a brief treatise "Portret Andreya Voynarov­s'koho" (Portrait of Andrey Voynarovsky) which contains some new material on the biography of this leader of the Mazepa period (Mazepa, vol. II, Warsaw, 1939).⁠328

Due to war conditions, other young Ukrainian historians of this generation abroad were outside the main current of scientific activities.

World War II brought about many changes in the position of Ukrainian emigre historical science. First of all, it destroyed completely all the main scientific centers. The Ukrainian Scientific Institute in Warsaw disappeared in 1939 along with other pre-war Ukrainian scientific and academic institutions and societies in Poland, particularly the Orthodox Theological Faculty in Warsaw. The Ukrainian Scientific Institute in Berlin ceased to exist in 1945; the Ukrainian Free University and the Ukrainian Historical-Philological Society were compelled to leave Prague and  p427 moved to Munich, and the Museum of the Ukrainian Liberation Struggle, which suffered much damage during the war, stopped all scientific work and soon went out of existence. Simultaneously, the libraries and archives of these and other Ukrainian institutions were lost or destroyed, scholar­ly works ready for printing (or partly printed) were lost; some Ukrainian scholars, among them historians, lost their lives, too.

Even under the ruinous conditions of war, however, Ukrainian historical science did not die out. During a short period (1941‑1944) this science even managed to increase its research and publication activities (Berlin and especially Prague), a favorable factor in this respect being the fact that Ukrainian scholars, old emigres, joined forces with new (wartime) emigres. Ukrainian historians from Kiev, Kharkiv and Lviv got together (mainly in Prague) after long years in isolation, exchanged their scientific experiences and, in spite of all wartime difficulties and political censor­ship obstacles raised by the existing authorities, worked together on the solution of pressing problems of Ukrainian historiography.

The new location of Ukrainian scientific work abroad at the conclusion of the war was Bavaria, especially Munich and (for a certain time) Augsburg. The Ukrainian Free Academy of Sciences (UVAN) was founded in Augsburg late in 1945 for the purpose of reestablishing the traditions of free Ukrainian scholar­ship and continuing the scientific work of the Kiev Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, which had actually interrupted its existence early in the thirties. A History Section was created within UVAN, headed by D. I. Doroshenko. The Ukrainian Free University and the Historical-Philological Society renewed their activities in Munich late in 1945. The Shevchenko Scientific Society (NTSH) was reestablished in 1947 with headquarters in Munich. A Commission of History was organized within NTSH. Even earlier, in 1946, the Church Archeographic Commission (attached to the office of the Apostolic Visitator, Archbishop Ivan Buchko) had begun its scientific activities. The Commission had been founded by Metropolitan Count Andrey Sheptytsky  p428 in Lviv in 1944. Also the Ukrainian Orthodox Theological Academy was founded in Munich in 1946, with Chairs of Ukrainian History and Ukrainian Church History, as well as the Scientific-Research Institute of Ukrainian Martyrology, which had as its purpose the collection and study of material from the most recent Ukrainian history. Other scientific institutions and publishing enterprises, which were interested in problems of Ukrainian history and subsidiary historical science, appeared (e.g., the Institute of Genealogy and Heraldry).

Beginning in the forties a new Ukrainian scientific center in Rome began to gain in importance. With access to the treasures of the Vatican and Roman archives and libraries, this center began systematic scientific research and publication of Ukrainian Church history. The Basilian Fathers renewed publication of their periodical under the title Analecta OSBM (mostly in Latin), divided into three sections: 1) Opera (monographs), 2) the Zapysky ChSVV proper (articles, documents, miscellanies, bibliography, etc.), and 3) Monumenta Vaticana Historiam Ucrainae Illustrantia. Ukrainian lay historians now contribute along with church researchers to Analecta OSBM and Zapysky ChSVV.

With the resettlement of Ukrainian emigres, new and more or less permanent centers of free Ukrainian science, particularly historical, were established in Western Europe and in America.

Such centers now operating in America are:

The Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U. S. (UVAN u SSHA), headquarters in New York, with a Historical Section (Chairman, Professor O. Ohloblyn) and, connected with the latter as an independent institution, the Commission for the Study of the Post-Revolutionary Ukraine and the U. S. S. R. (Chairman, Professor John S. Reshetar). Works of these institutions are published mainly in The Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U. S. in English and in Naukovyi Zbirnyk (Scientific Symposium) in Ukrainian.

The Shevchenko Scientific Society in America, headquarters in New York, with a Historical Commission, whose works are  p429 published in general publications of NTSH (In Ukrainian, Zapysky NTSH and in English, Proceedings).

In 1951‑57 research on modern Ukrainian history by Ukrainian scholars in the United States was supported by the Research Program on the U. S. S. R. of the East European Fund. A few works were published in English.

The First Ukrainian Scientific Congress was held in 1953, the joint project of both Ukrainian scientific institutions in the United States, with a Historical Section participating.

In Europe, research in the field of Ukrainian history is conducted by the History Section of the Ukrainian Free Academy of Sciences (Munich), headed by Prof. B. Krupnytsky (until his recent death) and Prof. N. Polons'ka-Vasylenko; by the Shevchenko Scientific Society in France (Sarcelles), with Prof. I. Borshchak (E. Borschak) and Prof. O. Shulhyn (A. Choulguine); the Basilian scientific center in Rome; the Ukrainian Free University and the Church-Archeographic Commission (Munich).

Beginning with 1954 a number of Ukrainian historians have been associated with the Institute for the Study of the U. S. S. R. in Munich and published their works in the Institute's periodicals Ukrainian Review and Ukrayins'kyi Zbirnyk; several studies on modern Ukrainian history were published in book form.

Among Ukrainian historians (and historians of law) the following continued their scholar­ly activities as post-war emigres: M. Andrusiak, E. Borschak, M. Chubaty, D. Doroshenko (deceased), V. Dubrovsky, P. Fedenko, V. Hryshko, B. Krupnytsky (deceased), O. Ohloblyn, L. Okinshevich, D. Olyanchyn, Ya. Padokh, N. Polons'ka-Vasylenko, O. Pritsak, V. Shuhaevsky, O. Shulhyn (A. Choulguine), Fr. Y. Skruten' (deceased), D. Solovey, J. Tokarzewski-Karaszewicz (deceased), I. Vytanovych, and A. Yakovliv (deceased).

The work of this older generation of Ukrainian emigre historians was devoted in the main to Ukrainian political and cultural history, historiography, church history, legal history, and methodological problems of Ukrainian history and subsidiary historical sciences. In their research they pay considerable attention  p430 to historical synthesis. It is evident that the scholar­ly interests of modern Ukrainian historiography spread also to history of Eastern Europe as a whole.

Following World War II, the fourth generation of historians made its appearance in Ukrainian historiography. To this generation belong those scholars who began their activities before the war, but due to various circumstances could not develop their work earlier, as well as the younger scholars who did not complete their scientific education until the forties. Continuing the national traditions of Ukrainian historiography of the first half of this century, these Ukrainian historians have already distinguished themselves by their scholar­ly works and have gained a certain place in Ukrainian historiography. Their main emphasis is Ukrainian history of Princely and Cossack periods and of the twentieth century, Ukrainian church history, the history of Ukrainian law and social ideas and subsidiary historical sciences.

The works of John S. Reshetar, Jr., deserve special mention. An American of Ukrainian descent, he works on the most recent history of the Ukraine (a monograph, The Ukrainian Revolution, 1917‑1920, A Study in Nationalism, Princeton, 1952; and other publications). Fr. Atanasiy Velykyi OSBM has been working on Ukrainian church history. A series of his documentary treatises came out in Rome, 1953, 1954. Fr. Iryney Nazarko, OSBM, published in Analecta OSBM; and a collection of Vatican documents on Ukrainian history, Documenta Pontificum Romanorum Historiam Ucrainae Illustrantia, vol. I, 1075‑1700, vol. II, 1700‑1953, came out in Rome, 1953‑1954. Fr. Iryney Nazarko, OSBM, published the monograph Svyatyi Volodymyr Velykyi, Volodar i Khrystytel' Rusy-Ukrayiny (960‑1015) (Saint Volodymyr the Great, Sovereign and Baptist of the Rus′-Ukraine), Rome 1954. Fr. Isidore Nahaevsky wrote the monograph Kyrylo-Metodiyivsk'ke Khrystyyanstvo v Rusi-Ukrayini (Sts. Cyril and Methodius Christianity in Rus′-Ukraine), Rome, 1954. Leonid Sonevytsky published the monograph Ukrayins'kyi Epyskopat Peremy­s'koyi i Kholm­s'koyi Eparkhiyi v XV‑XVI st. (The Ukrainian Episcopate of the Peremyshl' and Kholm Dioceses in the XV and XVI Centuries),  p431 Rome, 1955. Also to be noted are: Pavlo Hrycak — on the history of the Medieval Ukraine; Volodymyr Matsyak — on the Galician-Volynian State of the XIII and XIV Centuries; Lyubomyr Vynar on the Cossack period; Ivan L. Rudnytsky — on the history of Ukrainian political ideas of the nineteenth century; Petro Isayiv and Ivan Levkovych on Ukrainian Church history; Bohdan Halaychuk and Sokrat Ivanytsky on history of Ukrainian law; Yuriy Krokhmalyuk on Ukrainian military history; Vyacheslav Senyutovych-Berezhnyi on Ukrainian heraldry and genealogy; and others.

Hryhory Luzhnytsky wrote Ukrayins'ka Tserkva mizh Skhodom i Zakhodom (The Ukrainian Church Between the East and West), Philadelphia, 1954; Ivan Vlasovsky published Narys istoriyi Ukrayin­s'koyi Pravoslavnoyi Tserkvy (An Outline of History of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church), two volumes, New York, 1955, 1956.

Special Scientific-historical publications deserving mention are: B. Krupnytsky's monograph about Hetman Danylo Apostol, UVAN, Augsburg, 1948; L. Okinshevich's about nobility in the Hetman Ukraine of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, ZNTSH, vol. CLVII, Munich, 1948; A. Yakovliv's "About the Ukrainian Code of 1743," ZNTSH, vol. CLIX, Munich, 1949; N. Polons'ka-Vasylenko's monograph, The Settlement of the Southern Ukraine (1750‑1775), special issue of The Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U. S., vol. IV‑V, No. 4 (14)-1 (15), New York, 1955; E. Borschak's about Istoriya Rusov (in French); a symposium dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the Khmelnytsky Revolution, ZNTSH, vol. CLVI, Munich, 1948; A History of Ukraine by Ivan Kholmsky (pseudonym), NTSH, Munich, 1949; the studies of A. Yakovliv and O. Ohloblyn on the Treaty of Pereyaslav of 1654;⁠c the Ukrainian edition of Istoriya Rusov, translated by V. Davydenko and edited by O. Ohloblyn, New York, 1956; special treatises in the UVAN's Mazepyns'kyi zbirnyk (Mazepa Collection), printing not yet completed; separate treatises, The Theory of the Third Rome in the collection of the Church-Archeographic Commission, Munich,  p432 1951‑1954; historical articles in The Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U. S., in NTSH Proceedings, in Yuvileynyi Naukovyi Zbirnyk Ukrayin­s'koho Vil'noho Universytetu, vol. V, Munich, 1948, and vol. VI, Munich, 1956; a symposium dedicated to the 700th anniversary of King Danylo's coronation, ZNTSH, vol. CLXIV, Rome-Paris-Munich, 1955; articles in Analecta OSBM, in Ukrayina, Paris, in the collection Rid ta znameno (Lineage and Coats of Arms), I‑IV, 1947, and in other Ukrainian publications of scientific, religious and political institutions and societies, private publishers and individuals. Some works on modern Ukrainian history were published in Ukrainian Review and Ukrayins'kyi Zbirnyk, issued by the Institute for the Study of the U. S. S. R. Many less extensive scholar­ly works were published in journals of general circulation and in collections.

The history sections in Entsiklopediya Ukrayinoznavstva (Encyclopedia of Ukraine), vol. I, Munich-New York, 1949, and vol. II, Paris-New York, 1955 (continued, published by NTSH) were the result of collaboration among Ukrainian historians. The same applies to the English-language Ukrainian Encyclopedia which is now being published in the United States.

Thanks to the initiative of private Ukrainian publishing houses (in New York and in Winnipeg) new editions have been published of: V. Lypynsky's Ukrayina na perelomi (The Ukraine at the Turning Point) and Lysty do brativ-khliborobiv (Letters to Brother-Agrarians); D. Doroshenko's Istoriya Ukrayiny v 1917‑1918 r.r. (History of the Ukraine in 1917‑1918), vols. I and II; Velyka Istoriya Ukrayiny (Great History of the Ukraine), Istoriya ukrayin­s'koho viys'ka (History of the Ukrainian Armed Forces) and Istoriya Ukrayin­s'koyi Kul'tury (History of Ukraine Culture), the last three originally published by I. Tyktor in Lviv in the 1930's; a ew edition has been begun of M. Hrushevsky's ten-volume Istoriya Ukrayiny-Rusy, (vols. I‑VIII have already come out).

Bibliography

Literature on Ukrainian Scientific Emigre Centers Before World War II:

 p433  Official reports of Ukrainian scientific and academic institutions abroad, particularly: Ukrayins'kyi Vil'nyi Universytet u Prazi v rokakh 1921‑1926, Prague, 1927; Ukrayins'kyi Vil'nyi Universytet u Prazi v rokakh 1926‑1931, Prague, 1931; Richne spravozdannya Ukrayin­s'koho Istorychno-Filolohichnoho Tovarystva v Prazi, for the years 1923‑1941; Les cinq années d'existence de l'Institut Scientifique Ukrainien, 1930‑1935, Warsaw, 1935; Mitteilungen des Ukrainischen Wissenschaftlichen Institutes in Berlin, vol. I, Berlin, 1927; vol. II, Berlin, 1928; Zvidomlennya 1. Ukrayin­s'koho Naukovoho Z'yizdu u Prazi, Prague, 1928; 2. Ukrayins'kyi Naukovyi Z'yizd u Prazi, Prague, 1934; I. Mirtschuk, "Ukrainische wissenschaftliche Institutionen in der Tschechoslowakei," Mitteilungen des Ukrainischen Wissenschaftlichen Institutes in Berlin, vol. I, Berlin, 1927; P. Zlenko, Bibliohrafichnyi pokazchyk naukovykh prats' ukrayin­s'koyi emigratsiyi za r.r. 1920‑1931, Prague, 1932; D. Doroshenko, "Orhanizatsiya ukrayin­s'koyi naukovoyi pratsi na emigratsiyi ta yiyi vyslidy," 2. Ukrayins'kyi Naukovyi Z'yizd u Prazi, Prague, 1934; D. Doroschenko, "Das ukrainische wissenschaftliche Institut in Warschau," Deutsche Monatshefte in Polen, Posen, July 1937; A. Zhyvotko 10 rokiv Ukrayin­s'koho Istorychnoho Kabinetu (1930‑1940), Prague, 1940; S. Narizhnyi, "15 lit diyal'nosty Ukrayin­s'koho Istorychno-Filolohichnoho Tovarystva v Prazi (1923‑1938)," Zbirnyk Ukrayin­s'koho Naukovoho Instytutu v Amerytsi, vol. I, St. Paul (Minn.)-Prague, 1939, Prague, 1940, with an added index of works; S. Narizhnyi, Ukrayins'ka emigratsiya. Kul'turna pratsya ukrayin­s'koyi emigratsiyi mizh dvoma svitovymy viynamy, part 1, Prague, 1942; Ye. Yu. Pelensky, "Ukrayins'ka nauka v Pol'shchi za chas viyny (1940‑1944)," Syohochasne i Mynule, I, Munich, 1948; Z. Kuzelya, "Ukrayinoznavstvo v Nimechchyni (1939‑1945)," Syohochasne i Mynule, I, Munich, 1948; D. Doroshenko, "Ukrayins'kyi Naukovyi Instytut u Varshavi," Syohochasne i Mynule, I‑II, Munich, 1949; I. Mirchuk, "Ukrayins'kyi Naukovyi Instytut u Berlini," Syohochasne i Mynule, I‑II, Munich, 1949.

 p434  General Outlines of Ukrainian Emigre Historical Science:

M. Korduba, "La Littérature historique ukrainienne en Pologne et dans l'émigration ukrainienne (1927‑1928)," Bulletin d'information de sciences historiques en Europe Orientale, vol. II, Nos. 1‑2, and separately, Warsaw, 1929; D. Dorošenko, "Die ukrainische historische Forschungen in den Jahren 1914‑1930," Zeitschrift für osteuropäische Geschichte, No. 3, Berlin, 1931; D. Doroshenko, "Pratsya ukrayin­s'koyi emigratsiyi v haluzi istorychnoyi nauky," 2. Ukrayins'kyi Naukovyi Z'yizd u Prazi, Prague, 1934; E. Borschak, "Histoire de l'Ukraine. Publications en langue ukrainienne parues en dehors de l'U. R. S. S.," Revue historique, vol. 187 Paris, 1939, and separately, Paris, 1939.

Literature on Dmytro Doroshenko:

B. Krupnytsky's preface to D. Doroshenko's book Pravoslavna Tserkva v mynulomu i suchasnomu zhytti ukrayin­s'koho narodu, Berlin, 1940; Preface (editorial) "Pro literaturnu i naukovu diyal'nist' prof. Dmytra Doroshenka," Bibliohrafiya prats' prof. D. Doroshenka za 1899‑1942 roky, Prague, 1942; L. Biletsky, Dmytro Doroshenko, Winnipeg, 1949; I. Borshchak, "Dmytro Doroshenko (1882‑1951)," Ukrayina, No. 5, Paris, 1951; H. Luzhnytsky, "Dmytro Doroshenko," Kyyiv, II, Philadelphia, 1951; B. Krupnytsky, "D. I. Doroshenko (spomyny uchnya)," Naukovyi Zbirnyk, Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U. S., I, New York, 1952; Ukrayins'kyi Litopys, No. I, Augsburg, 1953, a symposium dedicated to memory of D. I. Doroshenko with articles and recollections by N. M. Doroshenko, H. Koch, B. Krupnytsky, I. Mirchuk, S. Nahay, O. Ohloblyn, N. Polons'ka-Vasylenko, O. Shulhyn, I. Tokarzhevsky-Karashevych, M. Vasmer and others.

Ukrainian Emigre Historical Science After World War II:

Report material on the activities of the Ukrainian Free Academy of Sciences (UVAN): Byuleten' UVAN, Nos. 1‑12, Augsburg, 1946‑47, and Litopys UVAN, Nos. 1‑8, Augsburg, 1946‑48; Bulletins of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences  p435 the U. S., Nos. 1‑16, New York, 1951‑57; Bulletins of the Academy in Canada, Nos. 1‑4, 1952‑55; Khronika NTSH, Nos. 75, 76, 77; Bulletins and reports of the Shevchenko Scientific Society in the U. S. A., Canada, France, Germany, 1949‑1957; Bulletins of the Ukrainian Free University in Munich, 1952‑1956; Naukovyi Zbirnyk Ukrayin­s'koho Vil'noho Universytetu. Yuvileyne vydannya, vol. 1, Munich, 1948; Syohochasne i Mynule. Visnyk Ukrayinoznavstva, new series, Munich, 1948, I, 1949, I‑II; Ukrayina, Nos. 1‑9, Paris, 1949‑1953; Entsiklopediya Ukrayinoznavstva, published by the Shevchenko Scientific Society, vol. I, New York-Munich, 1949, vol. II, Paris-New York, 1955; (Ye. Yu. Pelensky), Istoriya Naukovoho Tovarystva im. Shevchenka, New York-Munich, 1949; V. Doroshenko, Ohnyshche ukrayin­s'koyi nauky, Naukove Tovarystvo im. T. Shevchenka, New York-Philadelphia, 1951.

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The Author's Notes:

292 Volume II of Orlyk's Diary (Pratsi, vol. 50) was not completely printed and was lost in the printing shop during the war in 1939.

293 Reviewed by D. I. Doroshenko in "Syohochasne i mynule," II, Lviv, 1939.

294 Reviewed by D. I. Doroshenko in "Zeitschrift für osteuropäische Geschichte," vol. VII, No. 2, 1933 and vol. IX, No. 3, 1935.

295 Since 1949, Ilarion, Archbishop of Kholm and Pidlyashshya. At present Metropolitan of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church in Canada.

Metropolitan Ilarion renewed publication of Nasha Kul'tura and it came out in Winnipeg in 1951 through 1953.

296 L. Mirchuk, "Ukrayins'kyi Naukovyi Instytut u Berlini" (Ukrainian Scientific Institute in Berlin), Syohochasne i mynule, Munich-New York, 1949, I‑II, p87.

297 The Ukrainian Free University in Munich published this work in 1949 in English, Ukraine and its People (with some changes and additions), edited by I. Mirchuk.

298 Professor Ye. Onatsky is living in the Argentine at the present time.

299 Cf. Bibliohrafiya prats' prof. D. Doroshenka za 1899‑1942 roky (Bibliography of Prof. D. Doroshenko's Works for the Years 1899‑1942), Prague, 1942 (804 Titles). There is as yet no bibliography of his works for the 1943‑1951 period.

300 Mykola Ivanovych Kostomarov. Yoho hromads'ka i literaturno-naukova diyal'nist' (Mykola Ivanovych Kostomarov. His Civic and Literary-Scientific Activity), Kiev, 1920; second edition, Mykola Ivanovych Kostomarov, Leipzig, 1924.

301 P. O. Kulish. Yoho zhyttya i literaturno-hromads'ka diyal'nist' (P. O. Kulish. His Life and Literary-Civic Activity), Kiev, 1918; Panteleymon Kulish, Leipzig, 1923.

302 Volodymyr Antonovych. Yoho zhyttya i naukova ta hromads'ka diyal'nist' (Volodymyr Antonovych. His Life and Scientific and Civic Activity), Prague, 1942.

303 "Istoriya Rusiv, yak pamyatka ukrayin­s'koyi politychnoyi dumky druhoyi polovyny XVIII stol." (Istoriya Rusov as a Monument of Ukrainian Political Thought in the Second Half of the XVIII Century) in Khliborobs'ka Ukrayina, vols. V and VI, Vienna, 1921.

304 "Schererovy Annales de la Petite Russie a jejich misto v ukrajinske historiografii" (Scherer's Annales de la Petite Russie and Their Place in Ukrainian Historiography) in Sbornik, věnovaný J. Bidlovi (Collection dedicated to J. Bidlo), Prague, 1928.

305 "Knyaz' N. Repnin i D. Bantysh-Kamensky" (Prince N. Repnin and D. Bantysh-Kamensky), Pratsi Ukrayin­s'koho Vysokoho Pedahohichnoho Instytutu imeny M. Drahomanova (Works of the M. Drahomanov Ukrainian High Pedagogical Institute), vol. I, Prague, 1930. D. I. Doroshenko's monograph about D. Bantysh-Kamensky, which was being printed in ZNTSH in Lviv, did not come out because that volume was destroyed by the Soviet censor in 1939.

306 "M. Drahomaniv i ukrayins'ka istoriohrafiya" (M. Drahomanov and Ukrainian Historiography), Pratsi Ukrayin­s'koho Vysokoho Pedahohichnoho Instytutu imeny M. Drahomanova. Drahomanivs'ki zbirnyk, Prague, 1933; "Mykhajlo Dragomanov and the Ukrainian National Movement," The Slavonic Review, London, April, 1938.

307 Vasyl' Horlenko, Paris, 1934.

308 M. Zabarevsky (D. I. Doroshenko), Vyacheslav Lypynsky i yoho dumky ukrayins'ku natsiyu ta derzhavu (Vyacheslav Lypynsky and his Thoughts about the Ukrainian Nation and State), Vienna, 1925; Second edition, Augsburg, 1946; D. Dorošenko, "V. Lypynskyj. Ein Nachruf," Abhandlungen des Ukrainischen Wissenschaftlichen Institutes in Berlin, vol.  –––––, Berlin, 1931, "V. Lypynsky yak istoryk" (V. Lypynsky as an Historian), V. Lypynsky, yak polityk i ideoloh (symposium), Uzhhorod, 1931.

309 Kurs istoriyi Ukrayiny dlya vyshchykh klas serednikh shkil (Course in the History of the Ukraine for Higher Grades of Secondary Schools), Kiev-Vienna, 1921; Korotkyi kurs istoriyi Ukrayiny (Short Course in the History of the Ukraine), Katerynoslav-Leipzig, 1923; Istoriya Ukrayiny (History of the Ukraine), Kraków-Lviv, 1942; Istoriya Ukrayiny (History of the Ukraine), Augsburg, 1947.

310 Z mynuloho Katerynoslavshchyny. Korotka istoriya krayu i yoho zaselennya (From the Past of Katerynoslav Province. A Short History of the Land and of its Settlement), Katerynoslav, 1913.

311 Koroten'ka istoriya Chernihivshchyny (A Very Short History of Chernihiv Province), Chernihiv, 1913.

312 Pro mynuli chasy na Podillyu (Koroten'ka istoriya krayu (About the Old Days in Podolia — A Very Short History of the Land), Kamyanets-Podilsk, 1919.

313 M. Zhuchenko (D. Doroshenko) "Galitsiya i eya proshloe" (Galicia and its Past), Ukrainskaya Zhizn' (Ukrainian Life), 1914, VIII‑X.

314 M. Zhuchenko (D. Doroshenko) "Ugorskaya Rus′ " (Hungarian Rus′), Ukrainskaya Zhizn', 1914, V‑VI; D. D., Uhors'ka Rus′ (Hungarian Rus′), Kiev, 1914; D. Doroshenko, Uhors'ka Ukrayina (The Hungarian Ukraine), Prague, 1919.

315 L. Biletsky, Dmytro Doroshenko, Winnipeg, 1949, p16.

316 Reviewed by D. I. Doroshenko in Zeitschrift für osteuropäische Geschichte, vol. VI, No. 1, 1932.

317 Also posthumously the extensive study by Prokopovych, "The Problem of the Juridical Nature of the Ukrainian's Union with Muscovy" was published in The Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U. S., vol. IV, No. 3 (13), 1955.

318 Reviewed by D. I. Doroshenko in Zeitschrift für osteuropäische Geschichte, vol. IX, No. 3, 1935.

319 "Karl XII v stariy i noviy shveds'kiy literaturi" (Charles XII in Old and New Swedish Literature); "Mazepa v svitli sved­s'koyi istoriohrafiyi" (Mazepa in the Light of Swedish Historiography), "Plany Mazepy v zvyazku z planamy Karla XII pered ukrayins'kym pokhodom shvediv" (Mazepa's Plans in Connection with Charles XII's Plans Before the Swedish Ukrainian March), (Mazepa vol. I); "Mazepa i shvedy v 1708 r. (na osnovi spomyniv i lystuvannya suchasnykiv)" (Mazepa and the Swedes in 1708 on the Basis of Memoirs and Correspondence of Contemporaries); "Shvedy i naselennya na Ukrayini v 1708‑1799 r.r. (na pidstavi shveds'kykh dzherel)" (Swedes and the Population of the Ukraine in 1708‑1709 on the Basis of Swedish Sources); "Z donesen' Kayzerlings 1708‑1709 r.r." (From Kayserling's Reports of 1708‑1709); "Miscellanea Mazepiana" (Mazepa, vol. II).

320 Cf. also: B. Krupnytsky, " 'Istoriya Ukrayiny i ukrayins'kykh kozakiv' Y. Ch. Engelya ta 'Istoriya Rusov' " ("History of the Ukraine and Ukrainian Cossacks" by J. Ch. Engel and "Istoriya Rusov"), Ukrayina, No. 3, Paris, 1950.

321 Particularly: "Federalism and the Russian Empire," The Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U. S., vol. II, No. 2 (4), New York, 1952.

322 E. Borschak also wrote, in collaboration with René Martel, a biography Ivan Mazepa in the form of an historical novel, La vie de Mazepa, Paris, 1931, with other editions following. It appeared in Ukrainian as Ivan Mazepa, zhyttya i poryvy (Ivan Mazepa, Life and Exploits), Lviv, 1933.

323 Reviewed by D. I. Doroshenko in Jahrbücher für Kultur und Geschichte der Slaven, vol. V, No. 4, 1929.

324 Son of Rev. Yevtym (Yukhym) Sitsynsky (see supra).

325 Reviewed by D. I. Doroshenko in Zeitschrift für osteuropäische Geschichte, vol. V, No. 2, 1931.

326 Subsequently Governor-General of the Left-Bank Ukraine. (See supra).

327 In the English-language edition of this collection (The Ukraine and Its People), M. Antonovych's article is entitled "The History of the Ukraine."

328 I. Soyko's treatise about the Metropolitan of Kiev, Yosyf Nelyubovych-Turkal'sky, was not published.

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Thayer's Notes:

a This work is an abridgment, translated into English, of Narys Istoriyi Ukrayiny that leads off the paragraph. It is transcribed in full onsite.

b What you are now reading is Ohloblyn's Supplement to that work. As translated into English with very slight abridgment, Doroshenko's book is onsite in full.

c An English translation of Ohloblyn's book is onsite.

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