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Public service message, 24 Feb 22: A Ukrainian historical researcher who has contributed to this site has advised me that The Ukrainian Red Cross Society is accepting donations from abroad in relief of civilian populations in Ukraine and persons displaced due to the Russian war against that country, and has set up a page for those wishing to donate. (And yes, I've donated a bit myself, about $350 thru Oct 2023.)

Twentieth-Century Ukraine

by
Clarence A. Manning
Associate Professor of Slavic Languages
Columbia University

The Book and the Author

Clarence Augustus Manning (1893‑1972), Ph. D. 1915 Columbia University, and professor in that University for forty years, chairman of its Slavic Department for half of that, devoted most of his life to Slavic studies, and in particular the history and literature of Slavic peoples beyond Russia, concentrating more especially on Ukraine. His Oct. 7, 1972 obituary in Svoboda, the Ukrainian weekly of North America, reads in part:

non-conformist for his times, Professor Manning challenged the pro-Russian school of historiography in this country and persisted in a crusading spirit to publish scholar­ly works that eventually opened the field of study to other Slavic peoples. He published a series of thought-provoking articles and books on the history and literature of Ukraine, as well as studies on the history of Bulgarians, Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Byelorussians, Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

Clarence Manning had already published a general history of Ukraine — it too is onsite — and the book transcribed here covers a sharper slice of Ukrainian history. Writing at mid-century, he chronicles only about thirty years of Soviet rule (which he details more specifically in yet a third book, also onsite: Ukraine under the Soviets); that rule would run forty more years despite the sanguine hopes he hints at in his last chapter. Russian domination, Imperial and Soviet, would last for a total of ninety years of the century before Ukraine would finally shake itself free.

For technical details on how this site is laid out, see below, following the Table of Contents.

 (p11)  Table of Contents

Foreword

5

The Ukrainian Revival before 1914

13

Ukraine and World War I

21

Ukraine and Russia in Dissolution

30

Ukraine, the Bolsheviks and the Germans

43

The Republic of Western Ukraine

56

The Decline of the Ukrainian National Republic

62

Between the Wars

72

The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
I. Ukrainization

79

The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
II. The New Standardization

88

The Ukrainians in Eastern Asia

99

Western Ukraine and Poland

105

The Ukrainians and Romania

115

The Ukrainians and Czecho­slovakia

117

Ukraine on the Eve of World War II;
The Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine

124

World War II, 1939‑1941

131

Ukraine between the Armies

138

Across the Iron Curtain

151

The Displaced Persons

162

Ukrainian Literature

168

The Religious Development of Ukraine

186

The Economic Development of Ukraine

193

Ukraine and the East-West Conflict

202

Bibliography

211

Notes [I've transcribed these endnotes as footnotes in their respective chapters]

217

Technical Details

Edition Used and Copyright

The text I transcribed is that of the first and maybe only edition, published by Bookman Associates, New York. It is unillustrated, except for this map on identical front and back endpapers, which, as noted on the copyright page, is taken from Hrushevsky's History of Ukraine.


[A map of Ukraine and the surrounding area in the late 1940s, extending from Danzig/Gdansk and the Baltic Sea in the NW, to the southern edges of the Caspian Sea in the SE. It focuses on Ukraine, giving the placenames of several dozen cities and tracing the course of the larger rivers — Dnipro, Dnestr, Danube, and Volga. The borders of the Soviet Union, and within it, of Ukraine and Moldova are indicated. The principal feature of interest in the map is that the ethnographic Ukrainian territory is distinguished: for the most part, it extends beyond the political borders of the country, usually only slightly, but in the east and southeast rather more pronouncedly.]

Map of Ukraine

(my colorization)

A larger version, in which the placenames are fully readable,
opens here (1.2 MB).

The book is © 1951 "by Clarence A. Manning" but the copyright was not renewed in 1978/79 as then required by American law to maintain it, so that the book is now in the public domain: details here on the copyright law involved.

For citation and indexing purposes, the pagination is shown in the right margin of the text at the page turns (like at the end of this line); p57  these are also local anchors. Sticklers for total accuracy will of course find the anchor at its exact place in the sourcecode.

In addition, I've inserted a number of other local anchors: whatever links might be required to accommodate the author's own cross-references, as well as a few others for my own purposes. If in turn you have a website and would like to target a link to some specific passage of the text, please let me know: I'll be glad to insert a local anchor there as well.

Proofreading

As almost always, I retyped the text by hand rather than scanning it — not only to minimize errors prior to proofreading, but as an opportunity for me to become intimately familiar with the work, an exercise I heartily recommend: Qui scribit, bis legit. (Well-meaning attempts to get me to scan text, if success­ful, would merely turn me into some kind of machine: gambit declined.)

My transcription has been minutely proofread. In the table of contents above, the sections are shown on blue backgrounds, indicating that I believe the text of them to be completely errorfree; a red background would mean that the page had not been proofread. As elsewhere onsite, the header bar at the top of each chapter's webpage will remind you with the same color scheme.

The printed book, except for the endnotes and the bibliography, was very well proofread. The inevitable typographical errors have been corrected: they are for the most part trivial, and I marked them with a dotted underscore like this, or when they occur inside a link, with a bullet like this:º as elsewhere on my site, glide your cursor over the underscored words or the bullet to read what was actually printed. Similarly, underscored measurements provide conversions to metric, e.g., 10 miles.

Some odd spellings, curious turns of phrase, etc. have been marked <!‑‑ sic  in the sourcecode, just to confirm that they were checked.

In the print edition, something went wrong with the endnotes to several chapters, where the text is sometimes tagged with a number but there is no corresponding note: I suspect that the author added the tags at the last minute and meant to attach the note, which then somehow didn't get printed. At any rate, that throws the notes and references off for those chapters in a way that I was unable to fix since I have no access to the works cited; I've flagged the situation in each chapter, proceed with caution.

Any over­looked mistakes, please drop me a line, of course: especially if you have a copy of the printed book in front of you.



[A map of Ukraine in the colors of her flag, against a dark red background. The image serves as the icon on this site for the book '<SPAN CLASS=whole>Twentieth-Century</SPAN> Ukraine' by Clarence Manning.]

Since the printed book is unillustrated, the icon I adopted to indicate this subsite is a map of Ukraine in the colors of her flag, somewhat dulled, against an equally dull Soviet red.


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