Walter N. Breymann: Review of the 1962 reissue of Spain in America, 1450‑1580 by E. G. Bourne

Bruce W. Merwin: Rock Carvings in Southern Illinois

A few examples, near Vienna and Murphysboro. (2 photos.)

Harvey H. Nininger: Meteorite Collecting among Ancient Americans

Meteorites have been found in such locations or conditions as to make it clear that they had been collected or specially set apart by native Americans. (5 photos.)

David S. Gebhard & Harold A. Cahn: The Petroglyphs of Dinwoody, Wyoming

A quick statistical overview of nearly five hundred petroglyphs, with a first attempt at a relative chronology. (10 illustrations.)

P. T. Glass: Sketch of Henry Rutherford

The 18c Tennessee surveyor and pioneer.

B. F. Allen: Governor William Trousdale

A slight article, abridging a far better one, although with some added genealogical information. Includes a link to the better article, also onsite.

Frederick J. Turner: The Origin of Genet's Projected Attack on Louisiana and the Floridas

The notorious French ambassador to the United States in 1793 was not a loose cannon acting on his own account, but working on the express instructions of his government.

Carl Evans Boyd: The County of Illinois

Qui trop embrasse, mal étreint: Virginia, having conquered what there was to conquer in the Northwest, sets up a government, but there are just too few people to make it work — Frenchmen, at that, who are sheep rather than citizens — and Virginia gives up.

Albert E. McKinley: The English and Dutch Towns of New Netherland

The 17c settlements of New Netherland included Dutch towns, less interested in political rights, and English towns, who demanded them and actually were favored over the Dutch.

Walter L. Fleming: The Buford Expedition to Kansas

In 1855‑1856, Major Jefferson Buford of Alabama financed and organized a group of emigrants to Kansas to bolster the pro-slavery vote when time came for Kansas to achieve statehood.

George Henry Alden: The State of Franklin

An account, clearer than most, of the short-lived, not-quite-State by that name (1785‑1787), in what is now East Tennessee.

J. Franklin Jameson: St. Eustatius in the American Revolution

This Dutch Caribbean island served as a base of supply in the Revolutionary War, mostly of arms and ammunition.

William R. Shepherd: Wilkinson and the Beginnings of the Spanish Conspiracy

The author shows that the Kentucky conspiracy was set in motion by Wilkinson, not by the Spaniards.

Frederick J. Turner: The Policy of France toward the Mississippi Valley in the Period of Washington and Adams

Documents on the Blount Conspiracy, 1795‑1797 (ed. F. J. Turner)

W. H. Isely: The Sharps Rifle Episode in Kansas History

The Boston-based "New England Emigrants Aid Company" was in fact running weapons and ammunition into Kansas; the author of the paper views this as a good, even laudable thing.

Eugene C. Barker: President Jackson and the Texas Revolution

In which the author maintains that Jackson did not scheme to effect the separation of Texas from Mexico, although his agents did, against his will.

Ephraim D. Adams: English Interest in the Annexation of California

When California looked like it would secede from Mexico, Great Britain did not attempt either to encourage its independence nor to possess themselves of it, merely seeking to keep it out of other nations' hands once it had achieved independence.

⚙ Carl Russell Fish: The Northern Railroads, April, 1861

The state of the railroads in the northern part of the United States at the outbreak of the War between the States, and how the Union government would build on it during that war.

⚙ Charles W. Ramsdell: The Confederate Government and the Railroads, April, 1861

The state of the railroads in the southern part of the United States at the outbreak of the War between the States, and during the war.

✠ Herbert Bolton: The Mission as a Frontier Institution in the Spanish-American Colonies

An overall view of how the Spanish Catholic missions functioned in America, from a practical, organizational, and political standpoint.

George E. Hastings: Notes on the Beginnings of Aeronautics in America

A rather slight paper on the interest taken in balloons by Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and Francis Hopkinson.

Oliver L. Spaulding, Jr.: The Military Studies of George Washington

George Washington is often said to have had no military training. This article, by a top U. S. Army historical researcher, details Gen. Washington's technical reading.

⚙ R. S. Cotterill: The Louisville and Nashville Railroad

This railroad played a crucial rôle during the War between the States, providing an important pathway for the North to invade the South. Its coöperation with the Northern government was largely due to its president James Guthrie, who managed to keep it in private hands and very profitable.

Orlando W. Stephenson: The Supply of Gunpowder in 1776

At the beginning of the American Revolution especially, gunpowder and its key ingredient, saltpeter, were in short supply. The paper tallies up the total amounts available, and discusses expedients and importation.

Julius W. Pratt: Review of Annapolis: Its Colonial and Naval Story by W. B. Norris

Charles W. Ramsdell: General Robert E. Lee's Horse Supply, 1862‑1865

Wars are often decided by logistics; the War between the States was partly decided by the availability and foraging of horses and mules.

Charles E. Woodruff: The Nervous Exhaustion due to West Point Training

A graduate of the Naval Academy, the writer has given us a very peculiar and anecdotal approach to the rigors of cadet life at West Point and their consequences. Rambling, unsubstantiated, it contains a few good points amid the rest.

Frederick J. Turner: Geographic Sectionalism in American History

S. H. Logan: Mysterious Footprints in a Rock near Clarksville

Rock formation? actual footprints? Whatever it is, a purported Indian legend to explain it.

John E. Sands: My Year in Europe as a Prisoner of War

First-hand account of an Army Air Force officer shot down over Nazi Germany in 1944: his rescue in Belgium, near-escape in France, capture by the Germans, imprisonments and interrogations, prison camps in Estonia and Germany; forced marches, and final liberation [source document].

Jonathan P. Morrow: Confederate Generals from Arkansas

A survey article: sixteen undoubtedly were Confederate generals and from Arkansas; another dozen either not exactly from Arkansas or maybe not actually generals.

Milton H. Shutes: "Fighting Joe" Hooker

This biographical and character sketch covers not only Gen. Hooker's record in the War between the States, but his civilian life as well, both before and after the war, stressing his connection with California.

✠ Camillus Maes: Flemish Franciscan Missionaries in North America

The first of what was to be a series of biographical sketches of missionary priests. Fr. Hennepin, usually thought of as French, was in fact Flemish.

✠ Rt. Rev. Camillus P. Maes, D. D.

Biographical sketch (obituary).

✠ H. C. Schuyler: The Apostle of the Abnakis: Father Sebastian Rale, S. J. (1657‑1724)

Biographical sketch of a French priest and pioneer evangelist of what is now Maine, killed by the British.

✠ M. A. Shine: The Lost Province of Quivira

An attempt to locate Coronado's vexed "kingdom of Quivira" (in Nebraska).

Herbert F. Wright: Origin of American Aborigines: A Famous Controversy

17c Dutch scholars Johannes De Laet and Hugo Grotius battle it out: the paper is mostly about the controversy rather than the underlying subject of it, but does refer to the many theories as to where native Americans might ultimately have come from.

✠ Victor F. O'Daniel: Archbishop John Hughes, American Envoy to France (1861)

The Catholic prelate was sent to Europe by Secretary of State William Seward to investigate and promote European support for the Union in its war against the Confederacy.

✠ Gabriel Oussani: The Earliest Known Mesopotamian Traveller in America

A Chaldean priest from Mosul (now in Iraq) roams the Americas in the 17c; a summary, alas.

✠ Victor F. O'Daniel: Fathers Badin and Nerinckx and the Dominicans in Kentucky

A sharp rebuttal by a Dominican Father to the view of the pioneer Dominicans in Kentucky presented in Maes's biography of Fr. Charles Nerinckx. The supporting documents (annotated by the same author) are presented on a separate webpage:

Some Letters of Fathers Badin and Nerinckx to Bishop Carroll

✠ F. L. Gassler: Pere Antoine, Supreme Officer of the Holy Inquisition of Cartagena, in Louisiana

Fr. Antonio de Sedella's blackmail of Governor Miró.

✠ Leo Francis Stock: The United States at the Court of Pius IX

Diplomatic relations between the United States and the Papal States in the mid‑19c, as seen from Rome.

✠ Raphael N. Hamilton: The Significance of the Frontier to the Historian of the Catholic Church in the United States

A stiff response to Turner's theory of the frontier: the frontier was largely pre-civilized and formed by the conscious organized efforts of the Catholic church, and the Anglo-Saxon pioneers often came well afterwards.

Dominick Daly: The Legend of St. Brendan

A summary of the medieval tale of the 6c Irish navigator saint who is reported to have crossed the Atlantic; concluding tentatively that there might be a kernel of truth to it, and in particular that underlying it may be the actual experience of someone who sailed from Europe to the West Indies.

E. S. Dudley: Was "Secession" Taught at West Point?

Officially, yes, but only in 1826: after that, claims that the official text-book used at the Academy was Rawle's View of the Constitution, which maintains the right of States to secede, are (very likely) not warranted.

Fort Arbuckle

Why and how this U. S. Army fort was established, what the place was like, and the main events and personalities there during its 15‑year existence.

The Site of Old Camp Arbuckle

The story of a temporary U. S. Army camp in use for less than half a year.

E Pluribus Unum

The origins of the first national motto of the United States.

Doniphan's Artillery

How the First Missouri Mounted Volunteers marched and fought in the Mexican War.

James W. Covington: The Establishment of Fort Brooke

Three letters by James Gadsden and Col. George M. Brooke, edited and provided with context.

Franklin A. Doty: Florida, Iowa, and the National "Balance of Power," 1845

The precedent set by the Missouri Compromise, in which States were admitted to the Union in North-South pairs in order to preserve the balance of power between free and slave States, affected the admission of both Florida and Iowa in unexpected ways.

Edwin C. Bearss: Civil War Operations in and around Pensacola

At the beginning of the War between the States, the Confederacy tries to take Ft. Pickens by persuasion. That doesn't work, nor does fighting. A close look at the negotiations, skirmishes, and bombardments; I found this article particularly interesting.

The Journals of Lieutenant John Pickell, 1836‑1837

An Army officer in the Second Seminole War: his explorations of Florida, the politics of parleys with the Indians, and his observations of wildlife and Seminole life [source document].

F. W. Wallace: The Story of Captain John C. Casey

An officer does his duty honestly by both the U. S. government and the Seminoles, despite varied opposition; and dies of tuberculosis to an unknown grave.

St. Joseph, Florida

Brief and informal account of one of the most important places in Florida in the early 19c, now reduced to mere traces.

T. Frederick Davis: Florida's Great Seal — Its Historical Inaccuracies

Brief paper points out outright absurdities in the State seal as it then stood; some of them have been fixed.

F. Cubberly: Florida against Georgia

A boundary dispute with its roots in the 18c boundary between Spain and the United States; arising fully in 1819 and amicably ended in 1872 by the U. S. Supreme Court.

A. H. Roberts: The Dade Massacre

A clear, comprehensive and amply annotated account of the first engagement of the Second Seminole War in 1835.

✠ Samuel H. Ray, S. J.: Jesuit Martyrs in Florida

A short and not very substantial account of three massacres of Jesuits in the 16c, with a bit of background material.

The Crown of England's Title to America prior to that of Spain

A third-hand, and suspect, report of American Indians speaking Welsh in 1660, with the conjecture, still occasionally seen today, that a 12c Welsh prince named Madoc discovered North America and brought settlers there.

St. Brendan's Explorations and Islands

A brief survey of the traces of the Brendan Legend in medieval maps; the author suggests that the saint might have visited the Canaries or Madeira.

White Settlement in Saba Island, Dutch West Indies

A geographical and anthropological description, with some history, of Saba; in which the author's approach in itself has now become history as well.

✠ The Yamassee Revolt of 1597 and the Destruction of the Georgia Missions

Straightforward narrative of the Indian revolt against the Spanish, focusing on the killing of the Spanish Franciscans.

A Spanish Settlement in Carolina, 1526

A brief account of a somewhat accidental settlement on the Carolina shore, quickly and unhappily abandoned.

The Civil War Career of General Joseph Wheeler

The war record of the Confederate cavalry­man "Fightin' Joe" Wheeler and his contributions to the art of war.

Nathaniel J. Wyeth, and the Struggle for Oregon

Guillermo A. Sherwell [Obituary]

Percy Alvin Martin: The Influence of the United States on the Opening of the Amazon to the World's Commerce

The Herndon and Gibbon expedition to South America, but mostly Matthew Fontaine Maury's reading of it, result in a popular and diplomatic furore in Brazil but finally lead to the opening of the Amazon.

Herbert E. Bolton: James Wilkinson as Advisor to Emperor Iturbide

Two documents found by Bolton in the Mexican State Archives, transcribed [source documents]. (In Spanish)

⚓ Osgood Hardy: The Itata Incident

In the Chilean revolution of 1891, one side tried to buy weapons in the United States. They got them on a ship, and actually got them to Chile — but were made to return them. Blow-by-blow account of the chase by U. S. authorities, which nearly embroiled the two countries in a war.

A. P. Whitaker: James Wilkinson's First Descent to New Orleans in 1787

If Americans were forbidden to descend the Mississippi past the confluence of the Ohio, a fortiori to trade with Louisiana, just how did Wilkinson manage to travel down the river with a load of cargo?

✠ J. Lloyd Mecham: The Papacy and Spanish-American Independence

In the 1820's, the Spanish American republics were transitioning to independence, posing problems of political recognition and the national patronage of ecclesiastical appointments. This paper describes the careful process by which the Vatican, the South American countries and Spain adjusted to the new reality until formal diplomatic recognition.

A. P. Whitaker: Antonio de Ulloa

A detailed biographical sketch, focusing not on Ulloa's well-covered governor­ship of Louisiana, but on his South American experiences and his publications.

A. S. Taylor: Memorials of Juan de Fuca

An attempt to substantiate the existence of the mythical Pacific Coast explorer Juan de Fuca.

✠ G. J. Garraghan: The Trappists of Monks Mound

The periple thru several American states of a group of Cistercian monks led by Dom Urban Guillet in 1809‑1814; most of it spent in the Cahokia Mounds area of Illinois.

J. Hospers: Louisville and Portland Canal

Though the rapids of the Ohio near today's Louisville were a serious impediment to navigation, financing a canal around them took several tries spanning a quarter of a century.

J. Hospers: Diary of a Journey from The Netherlands to Pella Iowa in 1849

Three months, much of it at sea, in which three of the writer's children die; with glimpses of New York City, Albany, Buffalo, Chicago, and La Salle, IL [source document].

John E. Briggs: The Removal of the Capital from Iowa City to Des Moines

The first capital was seen as too far east of the shifting center of the State's population; the paper traces the legislative and other maneuvering by several towns in the 1840s and 1850s, and the final selection of Des Moines and move there in 1857.

Pierre Boucher de Boucherville: Captivity of a Party of Frenchmen among Indians in the Iowa Country, 1728‑1729

A handful of French explorers, intending to return to home base in Canada, are captured and held hostage by the Kickapoos: this account by one of the captives throws interesting light on the dynamics of French and Indians on the frontier. [source document].

Hiram F. White: The Career of Samuel R. Thurston in Iowa and Oregon

A young ambitious go-getter does a lot of good for his adoptive State of Oregon, but one very bad thing.

Jacob Van der Zee: Episodes in the Early History of the Des Moines Valley

From the first French explorers, maybe as early as 1659, to the United States government's first title in Iowa, in 1833: Sac and Fox and other Indian tribes, French, Spanish, British, and Americans, all contest the land in various ways.

Jacob Van der Zee: The Opening of the Des Moines Valley to Settlement

In 1832, the Des Moines River valley belonged to its First Peoples; by 1846, it was entirely in the possession of European-Americans. The paper traces the dispossession of the Sac and Fox and other Indian nations and the failed attempts of the U. S. government to ensure their well-being in the face of predatory traders and land-hungry immigrants.

Cardinal Goodwin: The American Occupation of Iowa, 1833 to 1860

How Iowa was settled; fast.

Cardinal Goodwin: The Movement of American Settlers into Wisconsin and Minnesota

Wisconsin and Minnesota were also settled fast; lead mining around Dubuque was the initial impetus.

Bertram W. Korn: A Reappraisal of Judah Touro

Although Touro was one of the greatest of American Jewish philanthropists, it wasn't until very late in life, and thanks to the persuasion of others.

Thomas D. Roberts: Resaca de la Palma

A one-stop retelling, with map, of the Mexican War battle.

[journal staff note]: Mule Ear Currency

Mules' ears, pickled in salt, supposedly used as currency in the Old West: believe this at your own peril — but se non è vero, è ben trovato.

⚙ E. G. Campbell: The United States Military Railroads, 1862‑1865

The operation and maintenance of a military railroad system was critical to the Union victory in the War between the States: how to repair (and destroy) railroads, but also details on the ambulance trains and other facets of the system. Four contemporaneous photographs.

Leroy T. Patton: Military Education in the United States

The author's careful critique of the academic environment at West Point leads him to a proposal to improve military education on the lines of medical education: pre-military general education to be given in civilian colleges, and USMA to serve as a specialized higher-level military university.

Old Fort Belle Fontaine

The fort was founded by the Spanish, then taken over by the French and the Americans, who decommissioned it by 1836; the article includes the report of a recent site visit.

J. F. Snyder: An Illinois Burnt Offering

The devotional rites of Kentuckians: a musical evening gone sour.

Nathaniel Pope

An overview of his life from the standpoint of Illinois history. (Sketchy but linked to fuller resources)

The Northern Boundary Line of Illinois Surveyed by Hiram Rountree

As often, the man who did the work wasn't credited for it at the time.

Milo Quaife: The Northwestern Career of Jefferson Davis

As a young officer fresh out of West Point, Davis was posted to forts in the Old Northwest. His life there, and a few mostly malignant tales dispelled.

F. G. Bale: When the Gratiots came to Galena

Galena, Illinois, as seen by the Gratiot family in the early nineteenth century.

Lorene Martin: An Old Adobe House

The Andrew Cunningham house in Sugar Grove, Illinois.

Rock Island and the Rock Island Arsenal

From Indian times up to just before World War II, with six photos.

George T. Ness, Jr.: Illinois at West Point: her Graduates in the Civil War

A very slight survey of all West Point graduates born in Illinois who served in the Civil War.

Elizabeth Ellis: Dutch Reformed Beginnings in Illinois

The founding of the first Dutch Reformed Churches, in Fairview, IL and the nearby area, in 1837 thru the 1850's.

Norman W. Caldwell: Fort Massac during the French and Indian War

Norman W. Caldwell: Fort Massac: the American Frontier Post

Norman W. Caldwell: Fort Massac: since 1805

J. L. Eisendrath, Jr.: Illinois' Oldest Memorial — The Stephen A. Douglas Monument

A careful chronology of the building of Douglas's tomb, from the first germ of its conception thru the fundraising, legislative battles and completion.

J. L. Eisendrath, Jr.: Chicago's Camp Douglas, 1861‑1865

A description and chronology of the military base and prison camp operated by the Union Army in Chicago, where up to 12,000 Confederate prisoners were held; its commanders did what they could to make the place comfortable.

Walter L. Fleming: The Defeat of the Secessionists in Kentucky in 1861

Secessionism was stronger than Union sentiment at the outbreak of the Civil War; but thru a policy of neutrality Kentucky bought time in which eventually to consolidate its pro-Union position.

Notes on Connecticut as a Slave State

Peaking in the late 18c, slavery in Connecticut is abolished in 1848.

Journal of the First Kentucky Convention (edited by Thomas P. Abernethy)

The very first time men from Kentucky met to ponder whether they might become a state separate from Virginia: the manuscript journal of their Convention.

George Fort Milton: Stephen A. Douglas' Efforts For Peace

Douglas was a moderate, who worked very hard to preserve the Union with peace; the Civil War was largely brought about by Buchanan and Lincoln.

Richard E. Yates: Zebulon B. Vance as War Governor of North Carolina

An unlikely young man becomes governor during the War between the States, and manages to be fairly effective in protecting and clothing his State, and assuring its citizens' rights and liberties.

William D. Hoyt, Jr., ed.: Some Personal Letters of Robert E. Lee, 1850‑1858

Lee's correspondence with the younger Jerome Bonaparte on a variety of subjects, including the military career of the latter's son, the West Point graduate Jerome N. Bonaparte, and the Crimean War.

Robert C. Black III: The Railroads of Georgia in the Confederate War Effort

The railroads of Georgia, and especially the Western & Atlantic, were key to both the Confederacy's survival and its eventual collapse.

Charles A. Bennett: From Harbor Defense to Coast Defense

Thoughts on the then current evolution of American coastal defenses.

Emil W. Haury: Tree‑Rings Continue to Tell Their Story

A summary survey of the progress and results of dendrochronology, especially in the American Southwest.

Gustav Kobbé: The Willet Chancel Window in the West Point Chapel

A description of the famous monumental window, and an account of the competitive procedure by which the designer was chosen.

See separate index page:

20 articles, about 300 printed pages.

Edwin C. Bearss: The Seizure of the Forts and Public Property in Louisiana

A straightforward narrative of the forcible transfer of property from Federal to State hands in January 1861.

Samuel Williams: An Account of a Very Uncommon Darkness in the States of New-England, May 19, 1780

The so‑called "Day of Darkness" terrified some people, and much fuss has been made of it in folklore, but the author was an eyewitness, conducted experiments on it while it was happening, and concluded it was due to widespread fires in the woods. [source document].

⚓ Rockets in Early American Wars

The use of incendiary and war rockets in the first part of the 19c, and principally in the Mexican War.

An Indian Reservation under General George Crook

San Carlos Indian Agency in 1884‑1886, by its then Provost: the fort, its subduing and civilizing of the Apaches, and recollections of some vivid incidents.

⚓ River Navies in the Civil War

A compact, clear, very useful overview of the rôle that the Union and Confederate navies played in the war. The Mississippi River basin conditioned much of the land war. "The naval factor was a decisive one in some of the largest military campaigns."

The Forgotten "Founder" of West Point

The Frenchman Louis de Tousard, serving in the American Army, wrote a proposal for an American national military school and submitted it to the government; stationed at West Point in 1801 he nearly became the Academy's first Superintendent.

The Acting Signal Corps

Samuel T. Cushing: An intimate anecdotal account of the founding days of the U. S. Army Signal Corps, during the War between the States, by its second officer.

Removal of the Sioux Indians from Minnesota

Francis H. Relf, ed.: A letter of John P. Williamson who accompanied a group of deportees in 1863.

With Laperrière to Minnesota in 1727

A 1728 letter of Father Guignas, S. J. [source document]

I. J. Cox: The Pan-American Policy of Jefferson and Wilkinson

Four-cornered diplomatic intrigue conducted by them in which the prize would be the acquisition of Florida or the good will of France, or both.

A Ku Klux Document (presented by Walter L. Fleming)

A brief official document of a local Louisiana KKK group in the 1870's: the ceremony for swearing in a new member [source document].

Milo M. Quaife: The Fort Dearborn Massacre

Various findings, new at the time, in connection with the 1812 massacre at Chicago [source documents].

Work on the Cumberland Road (edited by Earl G. Swem)

Brief, but the very first record of the building of that important artery.

Claude S. Larzelere: The Iowa-Missouri Disputed Boundary

A surveying error in 1816 caused decades of problems, finally set right by the U. S. Supreme Court.

⚙ J. Fred Rippy: Diplomacy of the United States and Mexico regarding the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, 1848‑1860

American private interests seeking to build a railroad across Mexican territory, are obstructed by the Mexican government who feel it is an encroachment on the sovereignty of Mexico: they'd learned the lesson of Texas.

⚙ R. E. Riegel: Federal Operation of Southern Railroads during the Civil War

The paper traces the evolution of the Union administration of Southern railroads, from improvisation to a highly organized system, which it credits to its director, Daniel W. McCallum.

E. Merton Coulter: The Efforts of the Democratic Societies of the West to open the Navigation of the Mississippi

In 1793‑1795, frontier Americans, mostly Kentuckians, organize grass-roots lobbying groups to get what they want, whether by pressuring the federal government or otherwise.

[Review:] Two 1924 biographies of Woodrow Wilson:

David Lawrence, The True Story of Woodrow Wilson

Josephus Daniels, The Life of Woodrow Wilson, 1856‑1924

Verner W. Crane: Projects for Colonization in the South, 1684‑1732

Although they didn't come to anything directly, there were a few British schemes for colonizing what would soon become Georgia under Oglethorpe.

Spanish Intrigue in the Old Southwest: An Episode, 1788‑89

Not treason, but an exercise in getting government to do what the people want rather than vice-versa; and not serious, so much as calling up the Spanish bogey to achieve that end within the framework of the United States.

A. P. Whitaker: The Muscle Shoals Speculation, 1783‑1789

A bit of private enterprise that fed into the Spanish intrigue, that intersected the founding of the State of Franklin, and that eventually failed.

General James Wilkinson's Narrative of the Fallen Timbers Campaign

A letter to James Brown of Kentucky, presenting an alternative view, much of it negative, of General Wayne's handling of the campaign. (Milo Quaife, ed.)

The Founding of New Madrid, Missouri

How and why George Morgan launched the town of New Madrid, in coöperation with the Spanish authorities of Louisiana, of which province it was for a while an important outpost; with a close look at the geopolitics, especially the attempt to detach Kentucky from the United States.

[Review:] A pair of books by Dwight Lowell Dumond:

Southern Editorials on Secession

The Secession Movement

Harry Williams: The Attack upon West Point during the Civil War

An overview of popular perceptions and of maneuvers by the radical branch of the Republican party in Congress to abolish the Academy or decrease its influence.

A. B. Lambert & W. B. Robertson: Early History of Aeronautics in St. Louis

Developments from 1904 to 1928 included international balloon races, airplane meets, and the creation of local airports and air mail service.

Robert P. Keep: The System of Instruction at West Point: Can It Be Employed in Our Colleges?

A careful description of the method of instruction practiced at the U. S. Military Academy, with an assessment and suggestions as to its possible extension to civilian colleges.

🐪 Fred S. Perrine: Uncle Sam's Camel Corps

The well-known story of the Army's mid‑19c experiments with camels as a means of transportation in the West; a few details not found in Walter Fleming's paper (which is also onsite, below).

✠ F. H. Eckstorm: The Attack on Norridgewock, 1724

A reconstruction of what happened when the British overran this strategic French outpost; Father Sebastian Rasles was not a passive and purely religious martyr as often represented.

⚓ Voyage of the Ophelia from Boston to Canton

Captain Samuel Hill's sea journal of his circumnavigation of the globe in the merchant ship Ophelia, 1815‑1817: much abridged but still interesting.

F. A. Mitchel: How to Make West Point More Useful

The author suggests several categories of West Pointers, having spent one, two, three, and the full four years at the Academy: those with the fewer years to officer the National Guard.

L. H. Alexander: James Wilson, Patriot, and the Wilson Doctrine

James Wilson, signer of the Declaration of Independence, one of the more important framers of the United States Constitution, and Supreme Court Justice, is even now almost unknown among the Founding Fathers, despite his signal contributions to American polity: the author collects much laudatory testimony and outlines those contributions in the lead‑up to Wilson's honored reburial in Philadelphia.

See separate index page:

22 articles, about 430 printed pages.

⚓ Thomas A. Bailey: The World Cruise of the American Battleship Fleet, 1907‑1909

A detailed look at the effects of President Theodore Roosevelt's naval venture — "The Great White Fleet" — on diplomacy and public opinion.

⚙ Lewis B. Lesley: A Southern Transcontinental Railroad into California: Texas and Pacific versus Southern Pacific, 1865‑1885

The struggle of two railroad companies, mostly waged by lobbying the United States Congress.

⚙ Lewis B. Lesley: The Entrance of the Santa Fé Railroad into California

How the Santa Fé Railroad finally broke thru to the Pacific coast despite the opposition of the Central Pacific Railroad and its allies.

Lewis B. Lesley: Review of A Pathfinder in the Southwest: The Itinerary of Lieutenant A. W. Whipple During His Explorations for a Railway Route from Fort Smith to Los Angeles in the Years 1853 and 1854 (Grant Foreman, ed.)

The Trial and Execution of Patrick O'Conner at the Dubuque Mines in the Summer of 1834

A sober, detailed, interesting eye-witness account of Iowa frontier justice.

✠ Father Mazzuchelli

A quick sketch of the life of Charles Samuel Mazzuchelli, O. P., and his missionary labors in the Old Northwest, especially in the Upper Mississippi Valley.

Icaria and the Icarians

The history of a French utopian movement's colonies in Illinois and Iowa.

Michael Aco — Squaw-Man

The 17c French explorer and fur trader, a shadowy yet important figure, less famous than some of his comrades because he was not the one writing the history.

Old Fort Atkinson

A U. S. Army fort established in 1840 to control the native American population and the European settlers, it was abandoned in 1849 when Iowa was no longer the frontier, making moot the fort's raison d'être.

An Indian Ceremony

The Fox Indians celebrate the life of pioneer Col. George Davenport at his grave in 1845.

✠ New Melleray

Life at the Trappist monastery near Dubuque, and a summary history of it since its foundation in 1849.

Lieutenant Jefferson Davis

Anecdotes from his early army career in Wisconsin Territory, and his relations with Chief Black Hawk and his own future father-in‑law Zachary Taylor.

Over the Rapids

The Des Moines Rapids of the Mississippi River, a critical knot in the transportation network of the frontier until 1877.

Hampton L. Carson: Dutch and Swedish Settlements on the Delaware

A clear summary of the three colonial periods on the Delaware before Penn and British rule: Dutch foundation, Swedish rule, and Dutch reconquest; with some focus on the legal system.

✠ Rev. L. J. Siekaniec: The Polish Colony of Sioux City, Iowa

A sketch, "brief and far from complete", of the history of the Polish community in that city from its beginnings in the late 19c.

✠ Eugene Kusielewicz: Wilson and the Polish Cause at Paris

The negotiations relative to the Polish Question at Paris Peace Conference show that Wilson's support of the restoration of Poland was not a result of his "predilections and weaknesses", but measured and rational.

Frederic Bancroft: The French in Mexico and the Monroe Doctrine

The perfidious French wormed their way into Mexico on a pretext, but for altogether different motives. As soon the War between the States was over and the United States could deal with things, they warned France to back down — and didn't need to invoke the Monroe Doctrine to do it.

William R. Shepherd: Review of Spain in America, 1450‑1580 by E. G. Bourne, and The South American Republics by T. C. Dawson

🐪 Walter L. Fleming: Jefferson Davis's Camel Experiment

Three Dutch Medals

18c medals issued by The Netherlands to commemorate the Independence of the United States and commercial diplomatic relations with them.

Bliss Perry: Morris Schaff • A Memoir

A sympathetic biographical sketch of the West Point writer.

Samuel Tillman: A Review of West Point's History

A survey, if only thru the end of Revolutionary War, of the Academy's history. Of some importance, since within two years the author would become the Academy's Superintendent.

Clyde B. Aitchison: The Mormon Settlements in the Missouri Valley

In 1846 the Latter-Day Saints were forced to leave Illinois; choosing to settle at the Great Salt Lake, they migrated across much of the West, and in so doing, established temporary way stations in the Missouri Valley, some of which became permanent cities.

J. F. Santee: Edward R. S. Canby, Modoc War, 1873

Gen. Canby was killed in the Pacific Northwest by Modoc Indians at a parley: after a summary of his career, the context of the event and what led up to it.

G. C. Downing: Governor Robert Letcher

A slight article of local reminiscences of him, his wife, his house in Frankfort.

B. E. Hardin: The Kentucky Boundary

The complicated, and sometimes curious and amusing, history of the Commonwealth's boundaries, from the earliest pioneer days thru 20c court decisions. Even the rivers are not the obvious boundaries they seem to be.

⚓ George-Nestler Tricoche: La guerre franco-américaine (1798‑1801)

The Quasi-War as seen by a Frenchman, although one generally favorable to the American point of view: the author lived for many years in the United States, even serving in the 11th Cavalry. (In French)

✠ Scannell O'Neill: Convert Sons of West Point

Early converts to Roman Catholicism among the graduates of West Point.

William E. Dodd: North Carolina in the Revolution

Not so patriotic as all that — even Hooper who signed the Declaration of Independence.

Edward S. Holden: The Beginnings of American Astronomy

A sketch of the progress of astronomy in the United States in the first half of the 19c.

Leo Otis Colbert: Hitching Our Country to the Stars

A capsule history of the Coast and Geodetic Survey and an overview, written for the layperson, of its most important duties and the technical means used to perform them.

Frederick L. Lewton: Historical Notes on the Cotton Gin

The original patent documents were destroyed in the Patent Office fire of 1836: the author reconstructs their content. He also puts to rest certain myths as to the location of Eli Whitney's first cotton gin.

Robert Lebby: The First Shot on Fort Sumter

An eyewitness to the event pieces together what he saw, and concludes that the man who first fired was Henry S. Farley.

See separate index page:

11 articles, about 250 printed pages.

William R. Manning: Texas and the Boundary Issue, 1822‑1829

The paper traces the course of American diplomatic maneuvering to try to acquire Texas from Mexico by legal means: negotiation or sale.

🐪 F. B. Lammons: Operation Camel — An Experiment in Animal Transportation in Texas, 1857‑1860

A rather detailed account of the testing of the United States Army's camels on the western frontier.

Leopold Morris: The Mexican Raid of 1875 on Corpus Christi

The Nuecestown cross-border raid, Mar. 26, 1875, in which maybe a hundred Mexican robbers terrorized Americans living in the border marches — of topical interest still today.

William Dunbar and Thomas Jefferson: Description of a singular Phenomenon seen at Baton Rouge

A large unidentified flying object [source document].

Ferdinand Ernst: Travels in Illinois in 1819

Long excerpts from the letters of a German traveler in the Midwest, translated: a good observer visits the Mississippi bottoms and St. Louis [source document].

C. C. Gill: The New Far East Doctrine

In the interest of redu­cing Pacific tensions, the United States gave up certain strategic advantages in the Washington Conference, but let's not go any farther until we see that the Japanese are in good faith.

October 1935 issue, Vol. LXI No. 10, commemorating the 90th anniversary of the U. S. Naval Academy; see separate index page:

11/13/21: 18 articles, 125 photographs, 18 other images, 203 pages of print.

In progress; the articles are all onsite, but a few minor items still tending to.

Funeral of Mrs. G. W. P. Custis and Death of General R. E. Lee

A letter of Mrs. William H. Fitzhugh on the funeral of Mrs. Custis (1853), and a letter of Mrs. Robert E. Lee on the very day of her husband's death (Oct. 12, 1870) [source documents].

🐪 William S. Lewis: The Camel Pack Trains in the Mining Camps of the West

Preceded by a brief history of the United States Army's Camel Corps of the late 1850's, a somewhat anecdotal account of what happened to its animals once it was disbanded. Some of them wound up in use in the mining camps of Canada and the Pacific Northwest.

Ralph M. Brown: A Sketch of the Early History of Southwestern Virginia

Misleadingly titled, the paper details some of the most important explorations and events in the westward expansion from Virginia in the 17‑18c. Maps.

Sidney Forman: The United States Military Philosophical Society, 1802‑1813

An early approach to the promotion and funding of military research and technology.

Mitchell Oshkenaniew: The Services of the Menominee in Black Hawk War

Three hundred Menominees, constituted as a U. S. Army unit, fought the Sauk Indians in 1832.

Sipko F. Rederus: The Dutch Settlements of Sheboygan County

The 19c settlement of Oostburg, Cedar Grove and other towns.

Charles King: Rufus King: Soldier, Editor, and Statesman

A biographical sketch of the West Point-educated Milwaukee newspaper editor and civic leader, with a defense of his conduct in the War between the States.

Henry S. Lucas, ed.: The Journey of an Immigrant Family from The Netherlands to Milwaukee in 1854

The first-hand account of John Remeeus, a mid‑19c Dutch pioneer immigrant: his Atlantic crossing and his travel by rail and boat from Boston to Milwaukee [source document].

Henry S. Lucas, ed.: Reminiscences of Arend Jan Brusse on Early Dutch Settlement in Milwaukee

The first-hand account, if written much later than the events, of a mid‑19c Dutch pioneer immigrant.

Henry S. Lucas: The First Dutch Settlers in Milwaukee

A brief account of mid‑19c Dutch settlement in and around Milwaukee.

Henry S. Lucas: The Founding of New Amsterdam in La Crosse County

An 1853 sea voyage, a shipwreck, and settlement in Wisconsin.

⚙ Emerson D. Fite: The Canal and the Railroad from 1861 to 1865

Northern transportation lines enjoyed remarkable growth and prosperity during the War between the States.