The Fifth Booke of Plinies Naturall History [IN PROGRESS]

Philemon Holland, translator (1601): C. Plinius Secundus The Historie of the World. Book V. (Pages 90-114)

Book IV

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Book VI

THE FIFTH BOOKE OF

THE HISTORIE OF NATVRE,

WRITTEN BY C. PLINIVS

SECVNDVS.

The description of Affrike.

Ffrike the Greekes have called Lybia, even all that tract from whence the Lybian sea before it beginneth, and endeth in the Ægyptian. No part of the earth receiveth fewer gulfes and armes of the sea, in that long compasse of crooked coasts from the West. The names as well of the nations as townes there, be of all others most hard to bee pronounced, unlesse it bee in their owne tongues: and againe, they bee castles and forts for the part that they dwell in.¹

T the beginning, the lands of Mauritania, untill the time of C. Cæsar [i. Caligula] sonne of Germanicus, were called kingdoms: but by his crueltie devided it was into two provinces.² The utmost promontorie of the Ocea is named of the Greekes Ampelusia. The townes therin were Lissa and Cotes³ beyond Hercules pillars. Now in it is Tingi, sometime built by Antaus:⁴ and afterwards by Claudius Cæsar when he made a Colonie of it, called it was Traducta Iulia.⁵ It is from Belone a town in Bætica, by the next and neerest passage over sea thirtie miles. Five and twentie miles from it in the Ocean coast standeth a Colonie erected by Augustus, now Iulia Constantia, exempt from the dominion and jurisdiction of the kings of Zilis:⁶ and commanded to goe for law and justice as farre as to Baetica. And two and thirtie miles⁷ from it, Lixos made a Colonie by Claudius Cæsar, wherof in old time there went many fabulous and lowd lying tales. For, there stood (they say) the roiall palace of Antæus: there was the combate betweene him and Hercules: there also were the gardens and hort-yards of the Hesperides. Now there floweth thereinto out of the sea a certain creeke or arme thereof, and that by a winding channell, wherin men now take it that there were Dragons serving in good steed to keepe and guard the same. It encloseth an Island within it selfe, which (notwithstanding the tact thereby be somewhat higher) is only not overflowed by the sea tides. In it there standeth erected an altar of Hercules: and setting aside certaine wild Olives, nothing els is to be seene of that goodly grove, reported to beare golden apples.⁸ And in good faith lesse may they make a wonder at the strange lies of Greece, given out of these, and the river Lixus, who would but thinke how of late our countreymen have delivered some fables, as monstrous welneere of the same things: to wit, that this is a most strong and mightie cittie, and bigger than great Carthage: moreover, that it is situate over against it, and an infinite way well neere from Tingi: and other such like, which Cornelius Neposhath beene most eager to beleeve. From Lixus fortie miles in the midland parts of the maine, standeth Babba, another Colonie of Augustus, called by him Iulia in the field or Champain: also a third 75 miles off, called Banasa, but now it hath the addition of Valentia.⁹ 35 miles from it is the towne Volubile, just in the mid way betweene both seas. But in the coast and borders thereof, 50 miles from Lixus, there runneth Subur a goodly plenteous river, and navigable, neere to the Colonie Banasa. As many miles from it is the towne Sala, standing upon a river of the same name, neere now unto the wildernesse, much infested and annoied with whole heards of Elephants, but much more with the nation of the Autololes, through which lieth the way to Atlas the most fabulous mountaine of all Affricke. For writers have given out, that this hill arising out of the very middest of the sea sands, mounteth up to the skie, all rough, illfavoured, and overgrowne on that side that lieth to the shore of the Ocean, unto which it gave the name: and yet the same is shadowie, full of woods, and watered with veines of spouting Springs that way which looketh to Affricke, with fruitfull trees of all sorts, spring of the owne accord, and bearing one under another, in such sort, that at no time a man can want his pleasure and delight to his full contentment. Morover, that none of the inhabitants there are seene all day long: all is still and silent, like the fearefull horror in desert wildernesse: and as men come neerer and neerer unto it, a secret devotion ariseth in their harts: and besides this feare and horror, they are lifted up above the clouds, and even close to the circle of the Moone. Over and besides, that the same hill shineth oftentimes with many flashes of fires, and is haunted with the wanton lascivious Ægipanes and Satyres, whereof it is full, that it resoundeth with noise of haut-boies, pipes, and fifes, and ringeth againe with the sound of tabers, timbrels, and cymbals.¹⁰ These bee the reports of great and famous writers, to say nothing of the labours and works both of Hercules and Perses¹¹ there: and to conclude, that the way unto it is exceeding great, and not certainely knowne. Bookes there were besides of Hanno, a great captaine and commander among the Carthaginians, who in the time of the most flourishing state of Carthage, had a charge and commission to discover and survey the whole compasse of Affricke. Him, most of the Greekes as well as our countreymen following, among some other fabulous stories, have written that he also built many citties there: but neither memoriall upon record, nor any token of them at all is left extant. Whiles Scipio Æmylianus warred in Affrick, Polybius the writer of the Annales, received of him a fleet: who having sailed about of purpose to search into that part of the world, hath put thus much downe in writing, That from the said mountaine West, toward the forrests full of wild beasts, which Affricke breedeth, unto the river Anatis, are 485 miles. And from thence to Lixus 205. Agrippa saith, That Lixus is distant from the streights of Gades 112 miles. Then, that there is an arme of the sea called Saguti. Also a towne upon the Promontorie, Murelacha. Rivers, Subur and Sala. Moreover, that the haven Rutubis is from Lixus 313 miles. And so forward to the Promontorie of the Sunne. The port or haven Risardir: the Gætulians, Autololes, the river Cosenus, the nation of the Scelatites and Massalians.¹² The rivers Masatal and Darat, wherin Crocodiles are engendred. Then forward, that there is a gulfe of 516 miles, enclosed within the promontorie or cape of the mountaine Barce, running along into the West, which is called Surrentium. After it, the river Palsus, beyond which are the Æthyopians Perorsi, and at their backe are the Pharusi. Upon whom joine the midlanders, to wit, the Gætuliandars.¹³ But upon the coast are the Æthyiopian Daratites, the river Bambotus, full of Crocodiles & Hippopotames [i. Water-horses.] From which, he saith, That there is nothing but mountains all the way as farre as to that, which we call Theon-Ochea [The gods chariot.]¹⁴ Then, in sailing nine daies and nights to the promontorie Hesperium, he hath placed the mountaine Atlas in the midway thereof, which by all other writers is set downe to bee in the utmost marches of Mauritania. The first time that the Romanes warred in Mauritania, was in the time of prince Claudius Emperour: at what time as Ædemon the freed servant of king Ptolomaus, by C. Cæsar slain, went about to revenge his death. For as the barbarous people retired and fled backe, certaine it is that the Romanes came as far as to the hill Atlas. And not onely such Generals as had been Consuls, and were of Senatours degree and calling, who at that time managed and conducted the warres, but knights also and gentlemen of Rome, who from that time had gouvernment and commaund there, took it for an honour and glorie, that they had pierced and entred into Atlas. [* Five Romane Colonies, as wee have said, be in that province] and by that common fame and report, there may seeme to lie a thorow-fare thither. But that is found for the most part by daily experience, most deceivable of all things else: because persons of high place and great worth, when they are loth to search out narrowly into the truth of matters, sticke not for shame of ignorance, to give out untruths: and never are men more credulous and apter to beleeve and be deceived, than when some grave personage fathereth a lie. And verily I lesse marvell, that they of gentlemens degree, yea, and those now of Senatours calling, have not come to the certaine knowledge of some things there: seeing they set their whole affection and mind upon nothing but excesse and roiot: which how powerfull it is and forcible, is seene by this most of all, when forrests are sought out far and neere for Ivorie and Citron trees: when all the rockes in Getulia are searched for Murices and Purpuræ, [shell-fishes that yeeld the purple crimsen colour.] Howbeit, the naturall inhabitants of that countrey doe write, That in the sea-coast 150 miles from Sala, there is the river Asana, that receiveth salt water into it, but hath in it a goodly faire haven: and not farre from it another fresh river, which they call Fut: from which to Dyris (for that is the name in their language of Atlas, by a generall consent) are 200 miles, with a river comming in betweene, named Vior. And there, the speech so goeth, are to be seene the certaine tokens of a ground sometimes inhabited, to wit, the reliques of vineyards and date tree groves. Suetonius Paulinus (a Consull in our time) who was the first Romane leader, that for certaine miles space went over Atlas, also hath reported verily as touching the heigth thereof, that with the rest: and moreoer, that the foot thereof toward the botome, stand thicke and full of tall woods, with trees therein of an unknowne kind, but the heigth of them is delectable to see to, smooth and even without knots, the leaves and braunches like Cypresse; and besides the strong smell they yeeld, are covered all over with a thin downe, of which (with some helpe of Art) fine cloth may be made, such as the silk-worme doth yeeld. That the top and crest thereof is covered with deep snow even in summer time. Moreover, that he reached up to the pitch of it at the tenth daies end, and went beyond it as farre as a river called Niger,¹⁵ through wildernesse ful of blacke dust, where other whiles there stood out certaine cliffes, and craggie rockes, as they were scortched and burnt: and that those places by reason of partching heat were not habitable, albeit a man made triall thereof in the winter season. Furthermore, that the paisants who dwelt in the next forrests, were pestred with Elephants, wild beasts, and serpents of all sorts; and those people were called Canarij: for that they and dogges feed togither with one another, and part among them the bowels of wild beasts.¹⁶ For certaine it is knowne, that a nation of the Æthiopians whom they call Peroesi,¹⁷ joyneth upon them. Iuba, the father of Ptolomaus, who before-time ruled over both Mauritanes, a man more memorable and renowmed for his studie and love of good letters, than for his kingdom and royall port, hath written the like concerning Atlas: and he saith moreover, that there is an herb growing there called Euphorbia, of his Phisitions name that first found it: the milkie juyce thereof he praiseth wondrous much, for to cleare the eyes, and to be a preservative against all serpents and poisons whatsoever: and thereof hath he written a treatise and made a book by it selfe. Thus much may suffice, if it be not too much, as touching Atlas.

The length of the province Tingitania,¹⁸ taketh 170 miles. The nations therein be these: The Mauri, which in times past was the principall, and of whome the province tooke name:¹⁹ and those most writers have called Marusij.²⁰ Being by warre weakened and diminished, they came in the end to a few families only. Next to them were the Massæsuli , but in like manner were they consumed. Now is the province inhabited by the Getulians, Bannurri,²¹ and the Autololes, the most valiant and puissant of all the rest. A member of these were sometime the Vesuni:²² but being divided from them, they became a nation by themselves, and bounded upon the Æthiopians. The province naturally full of moutnaines Eastward, breedeth Elephants. In the hill also Abila, and in those which for their even and equall heigth they call, The seven brethren: and these butt upon Abila, which looketh over into the sea. From these beginneth the coast of the Inward sea.²³ The river Tamuda navigable, and a towne sometime of that name. The river Laud, which also receiveth vessels. The towne Rusardie,²⁴ and the haven. The river Malavana navigable. The towne Siga just against Malacha situate in Spaine:²⁵ the royall seat of Syphax, and now the other Mauritania. For a long time they kept the names of KK. so as the utmost was called Bogadania: and likewise Bocchi, which now is Cæsariensis. Next to it is the haven for the largenesse thereof called Magnus, with a towne of Romane citizens. The river Muluca, which is the limit of Bocchi and the Massæsuli. Quiza Xenitana, a towne of Straungers: Arsennaria, a towne of Latines three miles from the sea: Carcenna,²⁶ a Colonie of Augustus, erected for the second legion: Likewise another Colonie of his planted with the Pretorian band, Gunugi:²⁷ and the promontorie of Apollo. And a most famous towne there Cæsarea, usually before-time called Iol, the royall seat of king Iuba: endowed by Claudius the Emperour of happie memorie, with the franchises and right of a Colonie, at whose appointment the old souldiers were there bestowed. A new towne, Tipasa, with the graunt of the liberties of Latium.²⁸ Likewise Icosium,²⁹ endowed by Vespasian the Emperour, with the same donations. The colonie of Augustus Rusconiæ; and Ruscurum, by Claudius honoured with the free burgeoisie of the citie. Rusoezus,³⁰ a colonie of Augustus. Salde,³¹ a Colonie of the same man. Igelgili³² also, and Turca, a towne seated upon the sea and the river Ampsaga. Within the land, the Colonie Augusta, the same that Succubar; and likewise Tubrisuptus.³³ Cities, Timici, Tigavæ. Rivers, Sardabala and Nabar.³⁴ The people Macurebi: the river Usar, and the nation of the Nabades. The river Ampsaga is from Cæsarea 233 miles. The length of Mauritania both the one and the other togither, is 839 miles, the breadth 467.³⁵

Next to Ampasaga is Numidia, renowmed for the name of Masanissa: called of the Greeks, the land Metagonitis. The Numidian Nomades, so named of chaunging their pasture,³⁶ who carrie their cottages or sheddes (and those are all their dwelling houses) about with them upon waines. Their townes be Cullu and Rusicade, from which 48 miles off within the midland parts, is the colonie Cirta, surnamed of Cirtanes:³⁷ another also within and a free borough towne, named Bulla Regia. but in the utmost coast, Tacatua, Hippo Regius, and the river Armua. The towne Trabacha, of Romane Cittizens: the river Tusca, which boundeth Numidia: and besides the Numidian marble, and great breed of wild beasts, nothing is there els worth the noting.

From Tusca forward, you have the region Zeugitana, and the coutnrey properly called Africa. Three promontories: first, the White;³⁸ then anon that of Apollo over-against Sardinia: and a third of Mercurie opposite to Sicilie; which running into the sea, make two creekes: the one Hipponensis, next to the towne which they call Hippo rased;³⁹ the Greeks name it Diarrhyton, for the little brookes and rilles that water the grounds: upon this, there bordereth Theudalis, an exempt towne from tribute, but somewhat farther from the sea side; then the promontorie of Apollo. And in the other creeke, Utica, a towne of Romane citizens, ennobled for the death of Cato:⁴⁰ and the river Bagrada. A place called Castra Cornelia: and the colonie Carthago, among the reliques and ruines of great Carthage: and the colonie Maxulla. Townes, Carpi, Misua,⁴¹ and the free borough Clupea upon the promontorie of Mercurie. Item, free townes, Curubis and Neapolis. Soone after yee shall meet with another distinction of Affricke indeed. Libyphœnices are they called, who inhabite Byzacium; for so is that region named: containing in circuit 250 myles, exceeding fertile and plenteous, where the ground sowne yeeldeth againe to the husband-man 100 fold encrease. In it are free townes, Leptis, Adrumetum, Ruspina, Thapsus: then, Thenæ, Macomades, Tacape, Sabrata, reaching to the lesse Syrtis: unto which, the length of Numidia and Africa from Amphaga, is 580 miles: the bredth, of so much thereof as is knowne, 200. Now this part which wee have called Africke, is divided into provinces twaine, the old and the new; separated one from the other by a fosse or ditch brought as farre as to Thenæ, within the Africane gulfe, which towne is 217 myles from Carthage: and that trench Scipio Africanus the second, caused to be made, and bare halfe the charges together with the KK.⁴² The third gulfe is parted into twaine, cursed and horrible places both, for the ebbing and flowing of the sea, and the shelves betweene the two Syrtes. From Carthage to the nearer of them, which is the lesse, is 300 miles by the account of Polybius; who saith also, that the said Syrte is for 100 miles forward daungerous, and 300 about. By land also thither, the way is passeable by observation of the Starres, at one time of the yeere onely, and that lyeth through desert sands and places full of serpents.⁴³ And then you meet with forrests replenished with numbers of wild beasts: and within-forth, wildernesses of Elephants: and soon after, waste deserts even beyond the Garamantes, who from the Augilæ are distant twelve daies journey. Above them was the nation of the Psylli:⁴⁴ and above them the Lake of Diomedes⁴⁵ environned with desarts. Those Augylæ themselves are seated well neere in the middle way from Æthyopia, which bendeth Westward, and the countrey lying betweene the two Syrtes, with equall distance betweene of both sides: but the shorte betweene the two Syrtes of 250 miles. There standeth the citie Ocensus,⁴⁶ the river Cinyps and the countrey.⁴⁷ Townes, Neapolis, Taphra, Abrotonum, the other Leptis, called also the great.⁴⁸ Then the greater Syrtis, in compasse 625 miles, and in direct passage 313.⁴⁹ Next to it, there inhabite the people Cisipades. In the inmost gulfe was the coast of the Lotophagi, whom some have called Alachroas,⁵⁰ as farre as to the altars of Philæna, and of sand are they.⁵¹ Next to them, not farre from the Continent, the vast and wide Meere admitteth into it the river Triton, and taketh the name of him: but Callimachus calleth it Pallantias, and saith it is on this side the lesser Syrtes, but many place it betweene both Syrtes.⁵² The promontorie that encloseth the bigger, is named Borion. Beyond it is the province Cyrenaica. From the river Ampsaga to this bound, Affricke containeth 26 States,⁵³ who are subject to the Romane Empire: among which are sixe Colonies besides the abovenamed, Uthina and Tuburbis.⁵⁴ Townes endowed with franchises of Romane cittizens 15. Of which those in the midland parts, worthie to bee named, are Azuritanum, Abutucense, Aboriense, Canopicum, Chilmanense,⁵⁵ Simittuense, Thunusidense, Tuburnicense, Tynidrumense, Tibgense,⁵⁶ Ucitana twaine, the greater and the lesse, and Vagense.⁵⁷ One towne enjoying the liberties of Latium, Usalitanum.⁵⁸ One tributarie or pensionarie towne neere Castra Cornelia, paieth custome and duties to Rome. Free townes 30, of which there are to bee named within-forth, Arolitanum,⁵⁹ Acharitanum, Avinense,⁶⁰ Abziritanum, Canopitanum, Melzitanum, Madaurense,⁶¹ Salaphitanum, Tusdritanum, Tiricense Tiphicense,⁶² Tunicense, Theudense, Tagestense, Tigense, Ulusibritanum, another Vagense, Vigense and Zamense. The rest may well be called not onely citties, but also for the most part, nations, namely, the Natatondes,⁶³ Capisitani, Misulani,⁶⁴ Sabarbares, Massili, Misives,⁶⁵ Vamacures, Ethini,⁶⁶ Massini,⁶⁷ Marchubij: and Gætulia all and whole, even to the river Nigris, which parteth Affrike and Æthyopia.

The region Cyrenaica, called also Pentapolitana, is famous and renowned for the Oracle of Hammon,⁶⁸ which is from Cyrenæ 400 miles, for the fountaine of the Sunne,⁶⁹ and principally for five citties, Berenice, Arsinoe, Ptolemais, Apollonia, and Cyrene it selfe. Berenice standeth upon the utmost winding and nouke of Syrtis, called sometime the cittie of the abovenamed Hesperides, according to the wandering tales of Greece.⁷⁰ And before the towne, not far off, is the river Lethon, the sacred grove where the hort-yards of these Hesperides are reported to be. From Leptis it is 385 miles.⁷¹ From it standeth Arsinoe, usually named Teuchira 43 miles: and from thence 22 miles, Ptoelmais, called in old time Barce.⁷² And then 250 miles⁷³ off the Promontorie Phycus runneth out along the Creticke sea, distant from Tænarus a cape of Laconia, 350 miles: but from Creet it selfe 125 miles. And after it Cyrene, 11 miles from the sea. From Phycus to Apollonia is 24 miles: to Cherrhonesus 88: and so forth to Catabathnus 216 miles. The inhabitants there bordering, bee the Marmaridæ, stretching out in length almost from Parætonium to the greater Syrtis. After them the Ararauceles:⁷⁴ and so in the very coast and side of Syrtis, the Nasamones, whome beforetimes the Greekes called Mesammones by reason of the place, for that they were seated in the middest betweene the two quicke sands.⁷⁵ The Cyrenaicke countrey, for the space of 15 miles from the sea side, is fruitfull for trees: and for the same compasse within th eland, but for corne onely: but then for 30 miles in breadth, and 250 in length, for the gum Laser and nothing else.⁷⁶ After the Nasamones,⁷⁷ the Hasbitæ and Masæ doe live.⁷⁸ Beyond them the Hammanientes, eleven daies journey from the Greater Syrtes to the West, and even they also every way are compassed about with sands: howbeit they find without much ado pits⁷⁹ almost in cubites deepe, for that the waters there of Mauritania doe overflow. Houses they make themselves of salt, hewed out of their owne hils in manner of stone. From these to the Troglodites, in the Southwest coast is foure daies journey, with whom they chaffer and trafficke onely for a certaine precious stone or gem, which wee call a Carbuncle, brought out of Æthyopia. There commeth betweene, the countrey Phazania, lying toward the wildernesse abovesaid of Affricke, above the lese Syrtis: where we subdued the nation of the Phazanij, together with the cities Alele and Cillaba. In like manner Dydamum⁸⁰ overagainst Sabrata. Next to whom there is a mountaine, reaching a great way from the East into the West, called by our men Ater, naturally as it were burnt, and like as if it were scorched and set on fire with the reflection of the Sunne. Beyond that mountaine are the deserts: also Matelgæ a towne of the Garamants, and likewise Debris, which castesth forth a spring of waters seething up from noone to midnight exceeing hot: and for as many houres againe into midday most chilling cold: also the most goodly towne Garama, the cheefe head of the Garamantes. All which places the Romanes have conquered by force of armes, and over them Cornelius Balbus triumphed, the onely man of forrainers that was honoured with the triumphant chariot, and endowed besides with the freedome of Romane citizens.⁸¹ For why, being borne at Gades, he and his uncle both, Balbus the elder, were made free denizens of Rome. And this is marvell that our writers have recorded, that besides the townes abovenamed by him conquered, himselfe in his triumph carried the titles and pourtraicts not of Cydamus and Garama onely, but also of all other nations and cities, which were raunged in a Roll, and went in this order. The towne Tabidium, the nation Niteris, the towne Negligemela, the nation Bubeium, the towne Vel,⁸² the nation Enipi, the towne Thuben, the hill named Niger. The townes Nitibrum and Rapsa, the nation Discera,⁸³ the towne Debris, the river Nathabus, and towne Tapsagum, the nation Nannagi, the towne Boin, the towne Pege, the river Dasibari. And againe forward, these towns lying one to another together,⁸⁴ Baracu, Buluba, Alasi, Bala, Galla, Maxala, and Zizama. The hill Gyri, wherein Titus hath reported that precious stones were engendred.⁸⁵ Hitherto the way to the Garamants, was intricate and unpassable, by reason of the robbers and theeves of that countrey, who used to dig certaine pits in the way (which to them that know the quarters of the countrey is no hard matter to doe) and then cover them lightly over with sand. But in the last war which the Romanes maintained against the Oenses, under the conduct and fortunate auspices of Vespasian the Emperour, there was found a short and neere way of four daies journey: and this way is called Præter caput Saxi [besides the rockes head.] The frontier towne of Cyrenaica is called Catabathmos, which is a towne and a vale all on a suddain falling with a steepe descent. To this bound, from the lesse Syrtis, Cyrenaica Affrica lieth in length 1060 miles, and in breadth, for so much as it knowne, 800.

The countrey following is named Mareotis Libya, and boundeth upon Ægypt, inhabited by the Marmaridæ, Adyrmachidæ, and so forward with the Mareotæ. The measure of it from Catabathmost to Paretonium, is 86 miles. In that tract there lieth in the way between the village Apis, a place renowned for the religious rites of Ægypt.⁸⁶ From it to Parætonium are 12 miles.⁸⁷ From thence to Alexandria 200 miles: the breadth thereof is 169 miles. Eratosthenes hath delivered in writing, That from Cyrenæ to Alexandria by land is 525 miles. Agrippa saith, that the length of all Affricke from the Atlanticke sea, together with the inferiour part of Ægypt containeth 3040 miles. Polybius and Eratosthenes reputed to have been most exact and curious in this kind, set downe, from the Ocean to great Carthage 1600 miles. From thence to Canopicum the neerest mouth of Nilus, they make 1630 miles.⁸⁸ Isidorus reckoneth from Tingi to Canopus 3599 miles. And Artemidorus fortie lesse then Isiodorus.

These seas have not very many Islands within them. The fairest of them all is Meninx, 35 miles long, and 25 broad,⁸⁹ called by Eratosthenes Lotophagitis. Two townes it hath, Meninx on Affricke side, and Thoar on the other:⁹⁰ it selfe is situate from the right hand promontorie of the lesse Syrtis ** 200 paces. A hundred miles from it against the left hand is Cercina, with a free towne of the same name, in length it is 25 miles, and halfe as much in breadth where it is most: but toward the end not above five miles over. To it there lieth a prettie little one toward Carthage, called Cercinitis, & joineth by a bridge unto it. From these almost 50 miles, lieth Lopadusa sixe miles long. Then, Gaulos and Galata: the earth whereof killeth the Scorpion, a fell creature, and noisome to Affricke. Men say also that they will die in Clupea, overagainst which lieth Corsyra, with a towne. But against the gulfe of Carthage be the two Ægineti,⁹¹ rockes more like than Islands, lying most betweene Sicilie and Sardinia. There bee that write how these sometime were inhabited, but afterwards sunke downe and were covered.

But within the inner compasse and hollow of Affricke toward the South, and above the Gætulians, where the desarts come betweene, the first people that inhabite those parts, bee the Libij Ægyptij, and then the Leucæthiopes.⁹² Above them are the Æthyopian nations, to wit the Nigritæ, of whom the river tooke name: The Gymnetes,⁹³ Pharusi, and those which now reach to the Ocean, whome wee spake of in the marches of Mauritania, namely, the Perorsi. From all these, it is nothing but a wildernesse Eastward, till you come to the Garamantes, Augylæ, and Troglodites, according to the most true opinion of them, who place two Æthyiopiaes above the deserts of Affricke: and especially of Homer, who saith, that the Æthyopians are divided two waies, namely, East and West.⁹⁴ The river Nyger is of the same nature that Nilus. It bringeth forth Reed and Papyr, breedeeth the same living creatures, and riseth or swelleth at the same season. It springeth betweene the Tareleia Æthyopians and the Oecalicæ. The towne Mavin⁹⁵ belonging to this people, some have set upon the wildernesse: as also, neere unto them, the Atlantes, the Ægipanes, halfe wild beasts, the Blemmyi, the Gamphasants, Satyres, & Himantapodes. Those Atlantes, if we will beleeve it, degenerate from the rites and manners of all other men: for neither call they one another by any name: and they looke wistly upon the sunne, rising and setting, with most dreadfull curses, as being pernicious to them and their fields: neither dreame they in their sleepe, as other men. The Troglodites dig hollow caves, and these serve them for dwelling houses: they feed upon the flesh of serpents. They make a gnashing noise,⁹⁶ rather than utter any voice, so little use have they of speech one to another. The Garamants live out of wedlocke, and converse with their women in common. The Augylæ do no worship but to the devils beneath.⁹⁷ The Gamphasantes be all naked, and know no warres, and sort themselves with no forrainer. The Blemmyi, by report, have no heads, but mouth and eies both in their breast. The Satyres besides their shape onely, have no properties nor fashions of men. The Ægipanes are shaped, as you see them commonly painted.⁹⁸ The Himantopodes bee some of them limberlegged and tender, who naturally goe creeping by the ground.⁹⁹ The Pharusi, sometime Persæ, are said to have been the companions of Hercules, as he went to the Hesperides. More of Affricke the noting, I have not to say.

Unto it joineth Asia, which from the mouth of Canopus unto the mouth of Pontus, after Timosthenes 2639 miles. From the coast ofPontus to that of Mæotis, Eratosthenes saith, is 1545 miles. The whole, together with Ægypt unto Tanais, by Artemidorus and isidorus, taketh 8800 miles.¹⁰⁰ Many seas there bee in it, taking their names of the borderers: and therefore they shall be declared together with them. The nether part of the river Nilus, divided on the right hand and the left, by his clasping doth bound and limit, with the mouth of Canopus from Affricke, with the Pelusiake from Asia, and carrieth a space betweene of 170 miles. Whereupon, considering that Nilus doth so part it selfe, some have reckoned Ægypt among the Islands, so as it maketh a triangle figure of the land. And here it is that many have called Ægypt by the name of the Greek letter Dela, Δ. The measure of it from the channell where it is but one, and from whence it beginneth first to part into skirts and sides, unto the mouth of Canopus, is 146 miles: and to the Pelusiake 256.¹⁰¹ The upmost part thereof bounding upon Æthyopia, is called Thebais. Divided it is into towneships with severall jurisdictions, which they cal Nomos, to wit, Ombites, Phatuites, Apollopolites, Hermonthites, Thinites, Phanturites, Capitites, Tentyrites, Diospalites, Antæopolites, Aphroditopolites, and Lycopolites. The countrey about Pelusium, these towneships with their severall jurisdictions, Pharbœtites, Bubastites, Sethroites, and Tanites. The rest have these following, the Arabicke, the Hammoniacke which extendeth to the Oracle of Iupiter Hammon, Oxyrinchites, Leontopolites, Atarrhabites, Cynopolites, Hermopolites, Xoites, mendesins, Sebennites, Capastites, Latopolites, Helicopolites, Prosopites, Panopolites, Busirites, Onuphites, Sorites, Ptenethu, Pthemphu, Naucratites, Nitrites,¹⁰² Gynæcopolites, Menelaites, in the country of Alexandria. In like manner of Libya Mareotis. Heracleopolites is in the Island of Nilus, fiftie miles long, wherein also is that which they call Hercules his towne. Two Arsinoites there bee, they and Memphites reach as farre as to the head of Delta. Upon it there doe bound out of Affrica the two Oasitæ.¹⁰³ There be that change some names of these, and set downe form them other jurisdictions, to wit, Heroopolites, and Crocodilopolites. Betweene Arsinoites and Memphites there was a lake 250 miles about, or as Mutianus saith, 450, fiftie paces deepe, [i. 150 foot,], & the same made by mans hand, called the Lake Mæridis, of a king who made it. 72 miles from thence is Memphis, the castle in old time of the Ægyptian kings. From which to the Oracle of Hammon is twelve daies journey, and so to the devision of Nilus, which is called Delta, fifteene miles. The river Nilus arising from unknowne springs, passeth through desarts and hote burning countries: and going thus a mightie way in length, is knowne by fame onely, without armes, without warres which have discovered and found out all other lands. It hath his beginning, so farre forth as Iuba was able to search and find out, in a hill of the lower Mauritania, not far from the Ocean, where a lake presently is seene to stand with water, which they call Nilides. In it are found these fishes, called Alabetæ, Coracini, Siluri, and the Crocodile. Upon this argument and presumption Nilus is thought to spring from hence, for that the pourtraict of this source is consecrated by the said prince at Cæsarea, in Iseum, and is there at this day seene.¹⁰⁴ Moreover, observed it is, that as the snow or raine doe satisfie the countrey in Mauritania, so Nilus doth encrease. When it is run out of this lake, it scornth to run through the sandie and overgrown places, and hideth himselfe for certaine daies journey. And then soone after out of a greater lake, it breaketh forth in the countrey of the Massæsyli, with Mauritania Cæsariensis,¹⁰⁵ and looketh about viewing mens companie, carrying the same argument still of living creatures bred within it. Then, once againe being received within the sands, it is hidden a second time for twentie daies journey, in the desarts as farre as to the next Æthyopes: and so soone as hee hath once againe espied a man, forth hee starteth (as it should seeme) out of that Spring, which they called Nigris. And then deviding Affricke from Æthyopia, being acquainted, if not presently with people, yet with the frequent companie of wild and savage beasts, and making shade of woods as he goeth, he cutteth through the middest of the Æthyopians: there surnamed Astapus, which in thelanguage of those nations signifieth a water flowing out of darknesse. Thus dasheth hee upon such an infinite number of Islands, and some ofthem so mightie great, that albeit he beareth a swift streame, yet is he not able to passe beyond them in lesse space than five daies. About the goodliest and fairest of them all Meroe, the channell going on the left hand is call Astabores, that is to say, the branch of a water comming forth of darkenesse: but that on the right hand Astusapes, which is as much as, Lying hid, to the former signification. And never taketh the name of Nilus, before his waters meet againe and accord all whole together. And even so was he aforetime named Siris,¹⁰⁶ for many miles space: and of Homer altogether Ægyptis;¹⁰⁷ and of others, Triton:¹⁰⁸ here and there, and ever and anon hitting upon Islands, and stirred as it were with so many provocations: and at the last enclosed and shut within mountaines, and in no place carrieth he a rougher and swifter streame, whiles the water that he beareth, hasteneth to a place of the Æthyopians called Catadupi, where in the last fall amongst the rockes that stand in his way, hee is supposed not to runne, but to rush downe with a mightie noise. But afterwards he becommeth more mild and gentle, as the course of his streame is broken, and his violence tamed and abated, yea, and partly wearied with his long way: and so through many moths of his, he dischargeth himselfe into the Ægyptian sea. Howbeit, at certaine set daies he swelleth to a great heigth: and when he hath travailed all over Ægypt, hee overfloweth the land, to the great fertilitie and plentie thereof. Many and divers causes of this rising and increase of his, men have given: but those which carrie the most probabilitie, are either the rebouding of the water, driven backe by the winds of Etesiæ, at that time blowing against it, and driving the sea withall upon the mouths of Nilus: or else the Summer raine in Æthyopia, by reason that the same Etesiæ bring clodus thither from other parts of the world. Timæus the Mathematician, alledged an hidden reason thereof, to wit, that the head and source of Nilus is named Phiala, and the river it selfe is hidden, as it were drowned within certaine secret trenches within the ground, breathing forth vapours out of reeking rockes, where it thus lieth in secret. But so soone as the Sunne during those daies, commeth neere, drawne up it is by force of heat, and so all the while he hangeth aloft, overfloweth: and then againe for feare he should bee wholly devoured and consumed, putteth in his head againe, and lieth hid. And this happeneth from the rising of the Dog starre Sicinus,¹⁰⁹ in the sunnes entrance into Leo, while the Planet standeth plumbe over the fountaine aforesaid: for as much as in that climate there are no shadowes to be seene. Many againe were of a different opinion, that a river floweth more abundantly, when the Sunne is departed toward the North pole, which happeneth in Cancer and Leo: and therefore at that time is not so easily dried: but when he is returend once againe backe toward Capricorn and the South pole, it is drunke up, and therefore floweth more sparily. But if according to Timæus a man would thinke it possible that the water should be drawne up, the want of shaddowes during those daies, and in those quarters, continueth still without end. For the river beginneth to rise and swell at the next change of the Moone after the Sunnesteed, by little and little gently, so long as he passeth through the signe Cancer, but most abundantly when he is in Leo. And when he is in Virgo, he falleth and settleth low againe, in the same measure as he rose before. And is cleane brought within his bankes in Libra,¹¹⁰ which is, as Herodotus thinketh, by the hundreth day. All the whiles it riseth, it hath beene thought unlawfull for kings or governours to saile or passe in any vessell upon it, and they make conscience to do so. How high it riseth, is knowne by markes and measures taken of certaine pits. The ordinarie heigth of it is sixteene cubites. Under that gage the waters overflow not all. Above that stint, there are a let and hinderance, by reason that the later it is ere they bee fallen, and downe againe. By these, the seed time is much of it spent, for that the earth is too wet. By the other there is none at all, by reason that the ground is drie and thirstie. The province taketh good keepe and reckoning of both, the one as well as the other. For when it is no higher than 12 cubites, it findeth extreame famine: yea, and at 13 it feeleth hunger still, 14 cubites comforts their hearts, 15 bids them take no care, but 16 affoordeth them plentie and delicious dainties. The greatest floud that ever was knowne untill these daies, was 18 cubites, in the time of prince Claudius Emperor: and the least, in the Pharsalian warre against the death of Pompey:¹¹¹ as if the very river by that prodigious token abhorred to see the same. When at any time the waters seeme to stand and cover the ground still, they are let out at certaine sluces or floud-gates drawne up and set open. And so soone as any part of the land is freed from the water, streight waies it is sowed. This is the onely river of all others that breatheth out no wind from it. The Seignorie and dominion of Ægypt beginneth at Syene, the frontier town of Æthyopia. For that is the name of a demie Island a hundred miles in compasse, wherin are the Cerastæ upon the side of Arabia: and overagainst it the foure Islands Philæ,¹¹² 600 miles from the partition of Nilus, where it began to be called Delta, as we have said. This space of ground hath Artemidorus delivered, and withall, that within it were 250 townes. Iuba setteth down 400 miles. Aristocreon saith, That from Elephantis to the sea is 750 miles. This Elephantis being an Island, is inhabited beneath the lowest cataract or fall of water three miles, and above Syene 16:¹¹³ and it is the utmost point that the Ægyptians saile unto and is from Alexandria 586 miles. See how farre the authors above written, have erred and gone out of the way: there meet the Æthyopian ships, for they are made to fold up together, and carrie them upon their shoulders, so often as they come to those cataracts or downefals aforesaid. Ægypt, over and above all other their boast and glorie of antiquitie, brags that in the reigne of king Amasis, there were inhabited in it and peopled twentie thousand cities. And even at this day full it is of them, such as they be, and of base account. Howbeit, that of Apollo is much renowned, as also neere unto it another of Leucathea, and *** Diospolis the great, the very same that Thebes, famous for the hundred gates in it. Also, Captos,¹¹⁴ a great mart towne next to Nilus, much frequented for merchandise & commodities out of India & Arabia. Moreover, the towne of Venus, and another of Iupiter,¹¹⁵ and Tentyris, beneath which standeth Abydus, the roiall seat of Memnon, and Osiris renowmed for the temple there, seven miles and an halfe distant from the river, toward Lybia. Then Ptoelmais, Panopolis, and another yet of Venus. Also in the Lybian coast, Lycon, where the hill[s] doe bound Thebais. Soone after, these townes of Mercurie, Alabastron, Canum, and that of Hercules spoken of before.¹¹⁶ After these, Arsinoe, and the abovesaid Memphis, betweene which and the diocese Arsinoetis, in the Lybian coast,¹¹⁷ the towres called Pyramides, the Labyrinth built up in the lake of Mœris without any jote of timber to it,¹¹⁸ and the towne Crialon.¹¹⁹ One more besides, standing within-forth and bounding upon Arabia, called The towne of the Sunne, of great account and importance.¹²⁰

But right worthy of praise is Alexandria, standing upon the coast of the Ægyptian sea, built by Alexander the Great on Africke side, 12 myles from the mouth of Canopus, neare to the lake Mareotis: which was before-time called ^††† Arapotes. Dinochares the Architect, (a man renowmed for his singular wit many waies) laid the modell and platforme thereof by a subtill and wittie devise: for having taken up a circuit of 15 miles for the cittie, hee made it round like to a Macedonian cloke, full in the skirts, bearing out into angles and corners, as well on the left hand as the right, so as it seemed to lye in folds and plaits; and yet even then he set out one fift part of all this plot for the kings pallace. The lake Mareotis from the South side, meeteth with an arme of the river Nilus, brought from out of the mouth of the said river called Canopicus: for the more commodious trafficke and commerce out of the firme ground and inland Continent. This lake containeth within it sundry Ilands,¹²¹ and (according to Claudius Cæsar) it is thirtie miles over.¹²² Others say, that it lyeth in length fortie Schœni, and so, wheras every Schœne is 30 stadia, it commeth by that account to be 150 myles long, and as many broad. Over and besides, there be many goodly faire townes of great importance, standing upon the river Nilus where he runneth, and those especially which have given name to the mouthes of the river, and yet not to all those neither (for there be 11¹²³ of them in all, over and besides foure more, which they themselves call bastard mouthes¹²⁴) but to 7 of the principall: to wit, upon that of Canopus, next to Alexandria, then Bolbitinum, and so forth to Sebenniticum, Phatuiticum,¹²⁵ Mendesium, Taniticum, and last of all Pelusiacum. Other cities there be besides, to wit, Buros,¹²⁶ Pharboœtus, Leontopolis, Achribis,¹²⁷ Isis towne, Busiris, Cynophis, Aphrodites, Saïs, Naucratis, of which some thinke the mouth Naucraticum tooke the name, which they be that call Heracleoticum, preferring it before Canopicum, next unto which it standeth.

Being once past that arme of the river Nilus, which entreth into the sea at Pelusium, you come into Arabia, confining upon the red Sea: and that other Arabia, so rich and odoriferous, and therefore renowmed with the surname of Happie. As for this Desert Arabia, possessed it is by the Catabanes, Esbonites, and Scenite¹²⁸ Arabians: all barren and fruitlesse, save whereas it meeteth with the confines of Syria, and setting aside the mountaine Casius, nothing memorable. This region confronteth the Arabians Canchlei on the East side, and the Cedræi Southward, and they both confine together afterwards upon the Nabathæes. Moreover, two Baies there be, the one called, The gulfe of Heroopolis,¹²⁹ and the other of Elani:¹³⁰ both in the red sea on the coast of Ægypt, 150 miles distant, betweene two townes, Elana¹³¹ and Gaza, which is in our [Mediterranean] sea. Agrippa counteth from Pelusium to Arsinoe, a towne situate upon the red sea, an hundred and twentie miles.¹³² See how small a way lyeth between two Climates so different in nature.

Upon the coast of the said Arabia, confineth Syria; a Region in times past, the chiefe and most renowmed upon earth: and the same distinguished by sundrie names. For where it confineth upon the Arabians, called it was Palæstina, Iurie, Cœle Syria, ¹³³ and afterward, Phœnice: But goe farther within the firme land, Damascene. Turne more still Southwards, it is named Babylonia. And the same betweene the rivers Euphrates and Tygris, carrieth the name of Mesopotamia. Beyong the mountaine Taurus, it is Sophene: but on this side the hill, they call Comagene. The countrey beyond Armenia, is Adiabenæ, named before time Assyria:¹³⁴ but the marches of Syria which confront Ciclicia, is knowne by the name of Antiochia. The whole length of Syria, from the frontiers of Cilicia to Arabia, containeth 470 miles: the bredth betweene Seleucia Pieria, to Zeugma¹³⁵ a towne seated upon Euphrates, taketh 175 miles. They that make a more subtill and particular division, would have Phœnice to be environed with Syria. And first, as you come from Arabia, is the sea-coast of Syria, which compriseth in it Idumæa and Iudæa: then, you enter into Phœnicia, and so into Syria again, when you are past Phœnicia. And within-forth farther into the countrey, Phœnice is enclosed with Syria Damascena. All that sea yet, which beateth upon that coast, beareth the name of the Phœnician sea. As for that nation it selfe of the Phœnicians, have been highly reputed for their Science and learning, and namely, for the first invention of letters,¹³⁶ for their knowledge in Astrologie,¹³⁷ navigation, and martiall skill. Being past Pelusium, you come to a citie called Chabriæ Castra, to the mountain Casius, and the temple of Iupiter Casius: also the tombe of Pompeius Magnus; and last of all to the citie Ostracium. To conclude, from Pelusium to the frontiers of Arabia the Desert [along the coast of Syria] are 65 miles.

Soon after, beginneth Idumæa & Palestina, even from the rising up of the lake Sirbon, which some have repored to carie a circuit of 150 miles. Herodotus saith, it is hard under the foot of the hill Casius: but at this day it is but a small lake. As for the townes there, they be Rhinocolura,¹³⁸ and more within the land, Rhaphæa: also Gaza a port towne, and farther within, Anthedon, and the mountain Angoris.¹³⁹ From thence you discend to the coasts of Samaria, the free citie Ascalon, and Azotus: the two Iamnes, whereof the one is well within land; and so forward to Ioppe, a towne in Phœnicia, which by report, is more auncient than the deluge.¹⁴⁰ Situate it is upon an hill, with a rocke before it, wherein are to be seene the tokens and reliques of ladie Andromedaes prison where she was bound.¹⁴¹ Within a chappell there, the Siren Decreto,¹⁴² whereof the Poets tell such tales, is worshipped. Being past Ioppe, you meet with Apollonia: the towne of Strato, called also Cæsarea, founded by king Herode: it beareth now the name of Prima Flavia, a colonie there planted and endowed with priviledges by Vespasian the Emperor. The bounds of Palæstina be 180¹⁴³ miles from the confines of Arabia: and there entreth Phœnice. Withinforth in the countrey, are the townes of Samaria, and Neapolis, which beforetime was named Mamortha [or Maxbora].¹⁴⁴ Also Sebaste upon the mountaine, and Gamala, which yet standeth higher than it.

Above Idumæa and Samaria, Iudæa spreadeth out farre in length and breadth. That part of it which joyneth to Syria, is called Galilæ: but that which is next to Syria and Ægypt, is named Peræa, [i. beyond Iorden:¹⁴⁵] full of rough mountains dispersed here and there: and severed it is from other parts of Iurie, by the river Iordan. As for the rest of Iudæa, it is divded into ten governments or territories, called Toparchies, in this order following: to wit, that of Hiericho, a vale richly planted with date trees: Emmaus, well watered with fountaines: Lydda, Ioppica, Accrabatena, Gophnitica, Thamnitica, Betholene, Tephenæ,¹⁴⁶ and Orine, wherein stood Hierusalem, the goodliest citie of all the Eastern parts, and not of Iurie onely. In it also is the principalitie Herodium, with a famous towne of that name.

The river Iordan springeth from the fountaine Paneades, which gave the surname to the citie Cæsarea, whereof wee will speake more.¹⁴⁷ A pleasant river it is, and as the site of the countrey will permit and give leave, winding and turning in and out, seeking as it were for love and favour, and applying it selfe to please the neighbour inhabitants. Full against his will, as it were, he passeth to the lake of Sodome, Asphaltites, that ill-favoured and cursed lake: and in the end falleth into it, and is swallowed up of it, where amongst those pestilent and deadly waters, he looseth his owne that are so good and wholesome. And therefore to keep himselfe out of it as long as hee possibly could, upon the first opportunitie of any valleys, hee maketh a lake, which many call Genesara, which is 16 miles long and sixe broad. The same lake is environed with divers faire and beautiful townes, to wit, on the East side, with Iulias and Hippo; on the South, with Tarichea, of which name, the lake by some is called Tarichian: and on the West, with Tiberias, an healthfull place for the baines there of hote waters.¹⁴⁸

Asphaltites, or the lake of Sodome, breedeth and bringeth forth nothing but Bitumen and thereupon it took the name.¹⁴⁹ No living bodie¹⁵⁰ of any creature doth it receive into it: bulls and camels swim and flote aloft upon it. And heruepon ariseth that opinion which goeth of it, That nothing there will goe downe and sinke to the bottome. This lake in length exceedeth 100 miles, 25 miles over it is at the broadest place, and sixe at the narrowest. On the East, the Arabian Nomades confront it; and on the South side, Machærus regardeth it: in time past, the second fortresse of Iudæa, and principall next to Ierusalem. On the same coast, there is a fountaine of hote waters, holsome and medicinable, named Callirhoe, and good against many diseases. The very name that it carrieth, importeth no lesse praise and commendation.¹⁵¹

Along the West coast, inhabite the Esseni.¹⁵² A nation this, living alone and solitarie, and of all others throughout the world most admirable and wonderfufll. Women they see none: carnall lust they know not: they handle no money: they lead their life by themselves, and keepe companie only with Date trees. Yet neverthelesse, the countrey is evermore well peopled, for that daily numbers of straungers resort thither in great frequencie from other parts: and namely, such as be wearie of this miserable life, are by the surging waves of frowning fortune driven hither, to sort with them in their manner of living. Thus for many thousand yeers [a thing incredible, and yet must true] a people hath continued without any supply of new breed and generation.¹⁵³ Beneath them, stood sometime Engadda, for fertilitie of soile and plentie of Date-tree groves, accounted the next citie in all Iudea, to Ierusalem. Now, they say, it serveth for a place onely to interre their dead. Beyond it, there is a castle or fortresse situate upon a rocke, and the same not farre from the lake of Sodome Asphaltites. And thus much touching Iudæa.

There joyneth unto it on Syria side, the region Decapolis, so called of the number of towns and cities in it. Wherein, all men observe not the same, nor make like account: howbeit most men speake of Damascus and Opotos, watered with the river Chrysorrhoa.¹⁵⁴ Also, Philadelphia, renowmed for the fruitfull territorie about it. Moreover, of Scythopolis, taking name of the Scythians there planted: and beforetime Mysa,¹⁵⁵ so named of Prince or Father Bacchus, by reason that his nource there was buried. Also Gadara, situate upon the river Hieromiax, running even before it. Besides, the above-named Hippos Dios. Likewise Pella, enriched with the good fountaines: and last of all: Galaza and Canatha. There lye betweene and about these citties, certaine Royalties called Triarchies, containing every one of them as much as an whole countrey: and reduced they be as it were into severall countries, namely, Trachonitis Panias, wherein standeth Cæsarea, with the fountaine above-said, Abila, Arca, Ampeloessa, and Gabe.

Returne now we must to the sea-coast of Phœnice. A river runneth there called Crocodilon, whereupon stood a towne in times past bearing the name. Also there remain in those parts the bare reliques still of cities, to wit, Dorum, Sycaminum, the cape or promontorie Carmelum: and a towne upon the hill, so named, but in old time called Echbatana. Nere thereto Getta and Iebba: the river Pagida or Pelus, carrying chrystall glasse with his sands upon the shore.¹⁵⁶ This river commeth out of the meere Ceudevia,¹⁵⁷ from the foot of mount Carmell. Nere unto it is it the citie Ptolemais, erected in forme of a colonie, by Claudius Cæsar; in auncient time called Are. The towne Ecdippa, and the cape Album. Then followeth the noble citie Tyrus, in old time an Iland, lying almost 3 quarters of a mile within the deepe sea; but now, by the great travaile and devises wrought by Alexander the Great at the siege thereof, joyned to the firme ground: renowmed, for that out of it have come three other cities of ancient name, to wit, Leptis, Utica, and that great Carthage, which so long strove with the Empire of Rome for the monarchie and dominion of the whole world: yea and Gades, divided as it were from the rest of the earth, were people from hence. But now at this day all the reputation and glory thereof, standeth upon the dye of purple and crimson colours. The compasse of it is 19 miles, so ye comprise Palætyrus within it. The very towne it selfe alone, taketh up 22 stadia. Neere unto it are these townes, Luhydra, Sarepta,¹⁵⁸ and Omithon: also Sydon, where the faire and cleer glasses be made, and which is the mother of the great citie Thebes in Bœotia.

Behind it, beginneth the mount Libanus, and for 1500 stadia reacheth as farre as to Smyrna, wherea Cœle-Syria taketh the name. Another promontorie there is as bigge over-against it, called Antilibanus, with a valley lying betweene, which in old time joyned to the other Libanus with a wal. Being past this hil, the region Decapolis sheweth it selfe to you within-forth, called Decapolis; and the above-named Tetrarchies or Realmes with it, and the whole largenesse that Palestine hath. But in that coast and tract still along the foot of the mount Libanus, there is the river Magoras: also the colonie Berytus, called Fœlix Iulia. The towne Leontos; the river Lycos: also Palæbyblos , [i. Byblos the old.] Then ye come upon the river Adonis, and so to these townes, Byblos [the new,] Botrys, Gigarta, Trieris, Calamos, and Tripolis, under the Tyrians, Sydonians, and Aradians. Then you meet with Orthosia, and the river Eleutheros. Also these townes, Simyra, Marathos; and over-against, Aradus, a towne of seven stadia: and an Iland lesse than a quarter of a mile from the Continent. When you are once past the countrey where the said mountaines doe end, and the plaines lying betweene, then beginneth the mount Bargylis: and there, as Phœnice endeth, so begins Syria againe. In which countrey, are Came, Balanea, Paltos, and Gabale: also the promontorie, whereupon standeth the free citie Laodicea, together with Diospolis, Heraclea, Charadrus, and Posidium.

Go forward in this tract, and you shall come to the cape of Syria Antiochena: withinforth is seated the noble and free citie it selfe Antiochena, surnamed Epidaphne: through the mids whereof runneth the river Orontes. But upon the very cape, is the free citie Seeucia, named also Pieria.

Above the citie Seleucia, there is another mountaine named Casius, as well as that other, which confronteth Arabia. This hill is of that heigth, that if a man be upon the top of it in the darke night season, at the reliefe of the fourth watch, he may behold the Sunne arising. So that with a little turning of his face and bodie, hee may at once time, see both day and night. To get up by the ordinarie high way to the very pitch of it, a man might fetch a compasse of 19 miles; but climbe directly upright, it is but foure miles. In the borders of this countrey, runneth the river Orontes, which ariseth betweene Libanus and Antilibanus, neere to Heliopolis. Then, the towne Rhosos appeareth: and behind it, the streight passsages and glulets betweene the mountaines Rhosij and Taurus, which are called Portæ Syriæ. In this tract and coast, standeth the towne Myriandros, the hill Avanus (where is the towne Bomilæ)¹⁵⁹ which separateth Cilicia from the Syrians.

It remaineth now, to speake of the townes and citties in the mid-land parts within the firme land. And to begin with Cœle-Syria, it hath in it Apamia, separated from the Nazerines Tetrarchie by the river Matsia: likewise Bambyce, otherwise called Hierapolis; but of the Syrians, Magog. There, is honoured the monstrous Idoll of the Meermaid, Atargatis, called of the Greeks, Decreto. Also Chalcis with this addition, Upon Belus: from which, the region Chalcidene, which is most fertile of all Syria, taketh name. Then you have the quarter Cyrrhistica, with Cirrhus, Gazatæ, Gindarenes, and Gabenes. Moreover, two Tetrarchies, called Granucomatæ. Over and besides, The Hemisenes, Hylates, the Ituræans countrie, (and principally those of them who are named Betarrani) & the Mariammitanes. The Tetrarchie or Principalitie, named Mammisea: the citie Paradisus, Pagræ, Pinarites, and two Seleuciæ, besides the above-named, one called Upon Euphrates, and the other, Upon Belus: and last of all, the Carditenses. The rest of Syria, hath these States (over and above those which shall be spoken of with the river Euphrates) the Arethusians, Beræenses, and Epiphanenses. And Eastward, the Laodicenes, namely, those who are entituled, Upon Libanus: the Leucadians, and Larissæans: besides 17 Tetrarchies reduced into the forme of Realmes, but their names are but barbarous.

And here, me thinkes, is the fittest and meetest place to speake of Euphrates. The source of it, by report of them that saw it last and neerest, is in Caranitis, a State under the government of Armenia the greater: and those are Domitius and Carbulo, who say, That it springeth in the mountaine Aba. But Licinius Musitanus affirmeth, That it issueth from under the foot of the mountaine, which they call Capotes, 12 miles higher into the countrey, than is Simyra: and that in the beginning it was called Pyxirates. It runneth first directly to Derxene, and so forth to Ana also, excluding the regins Armeniæ, the greater as well as the lesse, from Cappadocia. The Dastulæ from Simyra are 75 miles. From thence it is navigable to Pastona, fiftie miles: where hee receiveth these rivers, Lycus, Arsania, and Arsanus. Neere to Elegia, hee meeteth afront with the hill Taurus: yet stayeth hee not there, but prevaileth and pierceth through it, although it beare a breadth there of twelve miles. At this entrie where hee breaketh through the hill, they call him Omiras: and so soone as he hath made way and cut through it, he is named Euphrates. And yet being past this mountaine, full of rockes hee is and very violent. Howbeit hee passeth through the countrey of the Mœri, where he carrieth a streame of three Schœnes breadth, where hee parteth Arabia on the left hand, from Comagene on the right. And neverthelesse, even there whereas hee conquereth and getteth the upper hand of Taurus, he can abide a bridge to be made over him. At Claudiopolis in Cappadocia, hee taketh his course Westward. And now the mountaine Taurus, for all he was resisted and overcome at first, impeacheth and hindreth him of his way: and notwithstanding (I say) hee was over-matched and dismembred one peece from another, hee getteth the better of him another way, hee breaketh his course now, and drives him perforce into the South. Thus Nature seemeth to match the forces of these two champions equally in this maner, That as Euphrates goeth on still without stay as far as he will, so Taurus will not suffer him yet to run what way he will. Now, when these Cataracts and downfals of the river are once past, navigable it is againe, and fortie miles from that place standeth Samosata the head cittie of all Comagene. Now hath Arabia besides the towns aforesaid, Edessa, sometime called Antiochea, Callirhoe taking name of the fountaine: and Carræ so famous and reowmed for the defeature there of Grassus and his armie.¹⁶⁰ Hereunto joineth the government and territorie of Mesopotamia, which also taketh the first beginning from the Assyrians, in which stand the townes Anthenusa and Nicephorium. Having passed this countrey, streight waies yee enter upon the Arabians called Rhetavi, whose capitall cittie is Singara. Now to returne to Samosatæ, from it in the coast of Syria, the river Marsyas runneth into Euphrates. As Gingla limitteth Comagene, so the land of the Meri beginneth there. The townes Epiphania and Antiochia have the river running close to them, and hereupon they have this addition to their names, Standing upon Euphrates. Zenyma likewise 72 miles from Samosatæ is ennobled for the passage over Euphrates: for joined it is to Apamia right against, by a bridge, which Seleucus the founder of both, caused to bee made. The people that joine hard to Mesopotamia, bee called Rhoali. As for the townes of Syria which bee upon this river, are Europum, Thapsacum in times past, at this present Amphipolis; and last of all the Arabian Scænitæ. Thus passeth Euphrates, as farre as to the land Ura, where, turning his course to the East he leaveth behind him the desarts of Palmyra in Syria, which reach to the cittie Petra and the countrey of Arabia called Happie.

The noble citie Palmyra is passing well seated, as well for the richest of the soile, as for that it hath water at commaundement, which embelish and set out the countrey on every side. As rich and long as it is, the territorie all about is environed and enclosed with barres of sands. And as if Nature had a desire to exempt it from all other lands to live apart in peace, shee hath set it just in the middest and confines betweene two puissant and mightie empires, to wit, the Romanes and the Parthians. For there is not so soone any warre proclaimed betweene these two States and Monarchies, but at first they have on both sides a regard of it as a neutre. It is from Seleucia of the Parthians, namely that upon Tigris, 537 miles: and from the next port or coast of Syria 252: and from Damasco, 27 neerer.

Beneath the desarts and wildernesse of Palmyra, lieth the countrey Stelendena, wherein are the citties named at this day Hierapolis, Berœa and Chalcis. Beyond Palmyra also, Hemesa taketh up some part of those said desarts: and likewise Elutium, neerer to Petra by the one halfe than is Damascus. And next to Asura standeth Philiscum, a towne of the Parthians, upon Euphrates. From which by water it is a journey of tenne daies to Seleucia, and from thence as many likewise to Babylon. For Euphrates, fourscore and three myles¹⁶¹ from Zeugma, about the village Massice, devideth it selfe into two armes: on the left side hee passeth into Mesopotamia, even though Seleucia, and about it entreth into the river Tygris that runneth hard by: but on the right hand, he carrieth a current in his channell toward Babylon, the cheefe cittie sometime of Chaldæa; and passing through the middest thereof, as also of another which they call Otris, hee parteth asunder into sundrie Lakes and Meeres. And there an end of Euphrates. Hee riseth and falleth at certaine times after the order of Nilus: yet some little difference there is betweene them in the manner, for he overfloweth Mesopotamia, when the Sunne is the 20 degree of Cancer, and beginneth to diminish and slake, when the Sunne is past Leo, and is newly entred into Virgo: so as in the 29 degree of Virgo, he is downe againe, and come to his ordinarie course.

Cilicia, and the nations adioining, to wit, Isauricæ, Homonades, Pisidia, Lycaonia, Pamphylia: the moutaine Taurus, and Lycia.

But time it is to returne now to the coasts of Syria, and to Cilicia that confronteth it. Where in the first place we meet with the river Diaphantes, the mountaine Crocodilus, and the streights and passages of the mount Amanus: more rivers also, to wit, Andricon, Pinarus and Lycus, together with the gulfe Issicus. The towne Issa standeth upon it, then come wee to Alexandria, to the river Chlorus, the free towne Æge, the river Pyramus, and the streights in the entrance to Cilicia. Beyond them we encounter the townes Mallos and Magarsos. As for Tarsos, it is more within the countrey. From this towne wee enter upon the plaines Aleji, and so forward to these townes, Cassipolis and Mopsum, which is free, and standeth upon the river Pyramus; Thynos, Zephyrium, and Anchialæ. On forth still, and yee shall have the rivers Saros and Sydnus, which runneth through. Tarsus a free cittie, farre from the sea: then are yee in the countrey Celeuderitis,¹⁶² together with the capitall towne thereof. And anon yee shall set foot in a place called Nymphæum, and Solœ Cilicij now Pompeiopolis, Adana, Cibira, Pinara, Pedalie, Halix, Arsinoe, Tabæ, and Doron: and neere the sea side ye shall find a towne, an harbour and a cave, named all Corycos. Soone after, the river Calycadnus. The cape Sarpedon, the townes Olme and Mylæ, the cape and towne both of Venus, the very next harbour from whence men passe into the Isle Cypres. But in the maine land ye shall find these townes, Myanda, Anemurium, Coracesium: and the river Melas, the ancient bound that limitteth Cilicia. Farther within-forth are to be spoken of, the Anazarbenes, at this day Cæsar-Augustani; ¹⁶³ Castabla, Epiphania, beforetime Eniandos, Eleusa, and Iconium. Seleucia upon the river Calicadmus, surnamed also Trachiotis, a citie removed backward from the sea, where it was called Hormia.¹⁶⁴ Furthermore, within the countrey, the rivers Liparis, Bombos, and Paradisus. Last of all, the mountaine Iubarus. All Cosmographers have joined Pamphylia to Cilicia, and never regarded the nation Isaurica.¹⁶⁵ But a countrey it is by it selfe, having within it these townes, Isaura, Clibanus, Lalassis. And it shooteth downe to the sea side full upon the frontiers of the countrey Anemurium abovesaid. In like sort, as many as have set forth Maps and descriptions of the world, had no knowledge at all of the nation Homonades confining upon it,¹⁶⁶ notwithstanding they have a good towne within it, called Homona. Indeed the other fortresses to the number of 44, lie hidden close among the hollow vallies and hils of that countrey. There inhabite the mountainers over their heads, the Pisidians sometime called Sobymi, whose cheefe Colonie is Cæsarea, the same that Antiochia. Their townes be Oroanda, and Sagalessos. This nation is enclosed as it were within Lycaonia, lying within the jurisdiction of the lesse Asia: and even so together with it, the Philomelians, Tymbrians, Leucolithi, Pelteni, and Hyrienses,¹⁶⁷ resort thither for law and justice. There is a government or tetrarchie also, but out of the quarter of Lycaonia, on that side that bordereth upon Galatia: unto which belong fourteene States or citties, whereof the principall is called Iconium. As for the nations of Lyconia, those of any name, be Tembasa¹⁶⁸ upon Taurus, Sinda¹⁶⁹ in the confines of Galatia and Cappadocia. But on the side thereof above Pamphilia, yee meet with Myliæ, descended in old time from Thrace, who have for their head cittie Aricanda. As for Pamphylia, it was in auncient time called Mopsopia. The Pamphylian sea joineth to the Cilician. The townes situate upon that coast, be Side, Aspendus on the hill, Platanistus, and Perga. Also the cape Leucolla, the mount Sardemisus, the river Eurymedon running hard by Aspendum. Moreover, Cataractes the river, neere unto which stand Lyrnessus and Olbia; and the utmost towne of all that coast, Phaselis. Fast upon it lieth the Lycian sea, and the nation of the Lycians, where the sea maketh an huge great gulfe.¹⁷⁰ The mountain Taurus likewise, confining upon the Levant sea, doth limit Lycia and Cilicia, with the Promontorie Chelidonium. This Taurus is a mightie mountaine, and determineth as a judge an infinite number of nations. So soon as he is risen from the coast of the East Indian sea, he parteth in twaine: and taking the right hand, passeth Northward, and on the left hand Southward, somewhat bending into the West: yea, and deviding Asia through the mids: and (but he meeteth with the seas) readie to stop up & dam the whole earth besides. He retireth backe therefore, as being curbed, toward the North; fetching a great circuit, and so making himselfe way, as if Nature of purpose opposed the seas eftsoones against him to barre him of his pasage; of one side the Phœnician sea, on another the great sea of Pontus; the Caspian and Hyrcanian seas likewise, and fully against him the Lake Mœotis. And notwithstanding all these barres, within which he is pent, twined, and wrested, yet maketh hee meanes to have the maistrie and get from them: and so winding bias, hee passeth on, untill hee encounter the Riphæan hils, which are of his owne kind: and ever as he goeth, is entituled with a number of new names. For where hee first beginneth, called hee is Imaus: a little forward Emodus, Paropanisus, Circius, Canibades, Parphariades, Choatras, Oreges, Oroandes, Niphates, and then Taurus. Howbeit, where he is highest, and as it were, overreacheth himselfe, there they name him Caucasus: where he stretcheth forth his armes, like as if he would now and then be doing with the seas, hee changeth his name, to Sarpedon, Coracesius, and Cragus: and then once againe hee taketh his former name Taurus, even where he openeth, and maketh passage as it were to let in the world. And yet for all these waie and ouvertures, he claimeth his owne still, and these passages are called by the name of gates, in one place Armeniæ, in another Caspiæ, and sometime Ciliciæ. Over and besides, when he is broken into parcels and escaped farre from the sea, he taketh many a name of diverse and sundrie nations on every side, for on the right hand he is termed Hyrcanus and Caspius: and on the left, Pariedrus, Moschicus, Amazonicus, Coraxicus, and Scythicus. And generally throughout all Greece, Ceraunius.

To returne then to Lycia, being past the foresaid cape there Chelidonium, yee come to the towne Simena, the hill Chimæra, which casteth flames of fire every night, the cittie Hephæstium, where the mountaines about it likewise oftentimes, are knowne to burne. Sometime the citie Olympus stood there, but now, nothing to bee seene but mountaines, and among them these townes, Gage, Corydalla, and Rhodiopolis. Upon the sea coast, the citie Lymira upon a river, unto which Arycandus runneth: also the mountaine Massyrites, the citties Andriara and Myra. Moreover, these towns, Apyre and Antiphellos, which sometime was called Habessus, and more within-forth in a corner, Phellus. Then come ye to Pyrrha, and so forth to Xanthus, fifteen miles from the sea, and to a river likewise of that name. Soone after ye meet with Patara, beforetime named Sataros, and Sydinia¹⁷¹ seated upon an hill, and so to the Promontorie Cragus. Beyond which ye shall enter upon a gulfe as big as the former, upon which standeth Pinara, and Telmessus, the utmost bound in the marches of Lycia. In auncient time Lycia had in it threescore townes,¹⁷² but now not above 36. Of which, the principall and of greatest name besides the abovenamed, bee Canæ, Candyba, where is the famous wood Oenium, Podalia, Choma upon the river Adesa, Cyane, Ascandalis, Amelas, Noscopium, Tlos, and Telenorus.¹⁷³ As for the midland parts of the maine, you shall find Chabalia, with three townes thereto belonging, Oenonda, Balbura, and Bubon.

When you are beyond Telmessus, you meet with the Asiaticke sea, otherwise called Carpathium, and this coast is properly called Asia. Agrippa hath devided it into two parts, whereof the one by his description confronteth upon Phrygia and Lycaonia, Eastward: but on the West side it is limitted with the Ægean sea. Southward it boundeth upon Ægypt: and in the North upon Paphlagonia. The length thereof by his computation, is 470 miles, the breadth 300.¹⁷⁴ As for the other, hee saith, That Eastward it confineth upon Armenia the lesse: Westward upon Phrygia, Lycaonia, and Pamphylla. On the North it butteth upon the province or realme of Pontus: and on the South side is enclosed with the Pamphylian sea. He addeth moreover, that it containeth 575 miles in length, and 325 in breadth. The next coast bordering thereon, is Caria: and when you are past it, Ionia, and beyond that, Æolis. As for Caria, it encloseth Doris in the mids, environning it round on every side, as farre as to the sea. In it is the Cape Pedalium, also the river Glaucus, charged with the river Telmessus. The townes of any respect be Dædala and Crya, peopled onely with banished persons. Therein you find the river Axoum, and the towne Calydua.¹⁷⁵

The river Indus, arising from the mountaines of the Cybirates, receiveth into it threescore other running rivres maintained with springs, of other small rivers and brookes fed with land flouds, above an hundred. Upon it standeth the free towne Caunos, and a little off, Pyradus, within the kenning of twentie myles. Being past that haven, you shall enter upon the plaine Loyrma, upon which are seated the townes Tysanusa, Taridion, Larymna. Then meet you with the gulfe Thymnias and the cape Aphrodisias: and on the other side of it the towne Hyda, and another gulfe Schœnus. Then followeth the countrey Bubassus, wherein stood in auncient time the towne Acanthus, otherwise called Dulopolis. Also upon the oape there, the free citie Gnidos, Triopia, then Pergusa, called likewise Stadia. Beyond which you enter into the countrey of Doris. But before we passe farther, meet it were to speake of those cities and States which are in the midland countrey, and which lie behind: and namely of one, named Cibiratica. The towne it selfe is in Phrygia, and to it resort for law and justice 25 citties.

The principall cittie in those quarters (of the Cibirates) is Laodicea. Seated it is upon the river Lycus: and yet there run hard to the sides thereof two other rivers, Asopus, and Caper. This citie in times past was called Diospolis, and afterward Rhoas. The other nations belonging to that jurisdiction of the Cibirates, worth the naming, be the Hydrelites, Themisones, and Hierapolites. Another countrie-court or towne of resort there is, which taketh the name of Synnada: and to it repair for justice, the Licaonians, Appians, Encarpenes, Dorylæi, Midæi, Iulienses, and other States of not great reckening, fifteene. A third Seignorie or Shire there is that goeth to Apamia, which in old times was called Celænæ, and afterwards Ciboton: ¹⁷⁶ situate it is at the foot of the hill Signia, environed with three rivers, Marsyas, Obrima, and Orga,¹⁷⁷ falling all into the greater river Mæander. As for the river Marsyas (which a little from his spring was hidden under the ground, whereas Marsyas the musician strove with Apollo in playing upon the flute) sheweth himselfe again in Aulocrenæ, for so is the valley called, ten miles from Apamia, as men travaile the high way to Phrygia. Under this jurisdiction, we should doe well to name the Metropolites, Dionysopolites, Euphorbenes, Acmoneses, Peltenes, and Silbians. There are besides, to the number of 60 small townes ¹⁷⁸ of no account. But within the gulfe of Doris, thre stand Leucopolis, Amaxites, Eleus, and Euthenæ. Moreover, other townes of Caria, Pitaium, Eutaniæ, and Halicarnassus. And to this cittie were annexed, as subject and homages by Alexander the Great, sixe other townes, namely, Theangela, Sibde, Medmossa, Euranium, Pedasium, and Telnessum: which townes are inhabited betweene the two gulfes, Ceramicus, and Iasius. From thence yee come to Myndus, and where sometime stood Palæmyndus, Neapolis, Nariandus, Carianda, the free citie Termera, Bergyla, and the town Iasus which gave the name to the gulfe Iasius. But Caria is most renowmed and glorious for the places of name within it in the firme land: for therein are these citties, to wit, Mylasa free, and Antiochia, now standing where sometime were the townes, Seminethos, and Cranaos: and environed now it is about with the rivers Mæander, and Mosinus. In the same tract stood sometime Mæandropolis also. There is besides, the citie Eumenia, upon the river Cludrus: the river Glaucus: the towne Lysias, and Orthasia. The tracat or marches of Berecinthus, Nysa, Tralleis, which also is named Euanthia, Selecua, and Antiochia; which is situate about the river Eudone that runneth hard by it, and Thebanis¹⁷⁹ which passeth quite through it. Some there be, who report, that the dwarfes called Pigmæi, sometime there dwelt. In which region besides, were these townes, Thydonos, Pyrrha, Eurome, Heraclea, Amyzon, and the free citie Alabanda, whereof that shierewicke or jurisdiction¹⁸⁰ took name. Also the free towne Straonicea, Hynidos, Ceramus, Trœzene, and Phorontis. Yea there be nations farther remote, taht resort thither to plead and have justice in that Court: namely, the Orthroniens, Halydiens or Hyppines, Xystianes, Hydissenses, Apolloniates, Trapezopolites, and of free condition the Aphrodisians. Over and besides these, there are Cossinus, and Harpasa, situate upon the river Harpasus, which also ran under Trallicon, when such a towne there was. As for the countrey of Lydia, watered it is in many places with the recourse of Mæanders streame, winding and turning in and out, as his manner is: and it reacheth above Ionia: confining upon Phrygia in the East, upon Mista in the North, and in the South side enclosing all the countrey of Caria. This Lydia was sometimes named Mœonia. The capitall citie of this region, is Sardis, seated upon the side of the mountaine Tmolus, called before-time Timolus, a hill well planted with vineyards. Moreover, renowmed is this countrey for the river Pactolus issuing forth of this mountaine; which river is called likewise Chrysorrhoa: as also for the fountaine Tarnes. The citie abovesaid, was commonly by the Mœonians called Hyde, famous for the meere or lake of Gyges. All that jurisdiction is at this day called Sardinia.¹⁸¹ Thither resort besides the abovenamed, the Caduenes, descended from the Macedonians; the Lorenes,¹⁸² Philadelphenes, yea and the very Mœonians, such as inhabite upon the river Cogamus at the foot of Timolus; and the Tripolitanes who together with the Antoniopolites dwell upon the river Mæander. Furthermore, the Apollonos-Heritæ, Mysomolites, and others of small reputation.

Ionia beginneth at the gulfe Iasius, and all the coast thereof is very full of creekes and reaches. The first gulfe or creeke therein is Basilicus; and over it the cape Posideum, and the towne called somtime, the Oracle of Branchidæ, but at this day, of Apollo Didymæus, 20 stadia from the sea side. Beyond which 180 stadia, standeth Milletus, the head cittie of Ionia, named in time past Lelegeis, Pityüsa, and Anactoria. From which, as from am other citie, are descended more than eightie others, all built along the sea coast by the Millesians. Neither is this citie to be defrauded of her due honour, for bringing forth that noble cittizen Cadmus, who devised and taught first to write in Prose. Concerning the river Mæander, it issueth out of a lake at the foot of the mountaine Aulocrene: and passing under many towns, and filled still with as many rivers running into it, fetcheth such windings to and fro, that oftentimes it is takken for to run backe againe from whence it came. The first countrey that it passeth through, is Apamia: and from thence it proceedeth to Eumenticam, and so forward through the plaines Bargylletici.¹⁸³ Last of all, hee commeth gently to Caria, and when hath watered and overflowed all that land with a most fat and fruitful mud that he leaveth behind him, about ten stadia from Miletus, hee dischargeth himselfe into the sea. Neere to that river is the hill Latmus: the citie Heraclea, surnamed Caryca, of an hill of that name: also Mytis, which as the report goeth, was the first citie founded by the Ionians after their arrivall from Athens, Naulochum, and Pyrene. Also upon the sea coast, the towne called Trogilia, and the river Gessus. Moreover, this quarter all the Ionians resort unto in their devotion, and therefore named it is Panonia. Neere unto it was built a priviledged place for all fugitives, as appeareth by the name Phygela: as also the nown Marathesium stood there sometimes: and above it, the renowmed cittie Magnesia, surnamed, Upon Mæander; of the foundation of that other Magnesia in Thessalie. From Ephesus it is 15 milees; and from Tralleis thither, it is three miles farther. Beforetime, it was called Thessaloce, and Anrolitia: and being otherwise situate upon the strond, it tooke away with it other Ilands called Derasides, and joyne them to the firme land from out of the sea. More within the maine standeth Thyatira (in old time called Pelopia and Euhippa) upon the river Lycus. but upon the sea coast, yee have Manteium, and Ephesus founded in times past by the Amazones. But many names it had gone through before; for in time of the Trojane warre, Alopes it was called: soon after, Ortygia, and Morges: yea and it tooke name Smyrne, with addition of Trachæa, [i. rough] Samornium, and Ptelea. Mounted it is upon the hill Pione, and hath the river Caystrus under it, which commeth out of the Cilbian hills, and bringeth downe with it many other rivers, and principally it is maintained and enriched with the lake Pegaseum, which dischargeth it selfe by reason of the river Phyrites that runneth into it. With these rivers he bringeth downe a good quantitie of mud, whereby he encreaseth the land: for now alreadie a good way within the land is the Island Syrie, joyned to the Continent. A fountaine there is within the citie, called Callipias and two rivers (hight both Selinus) comming from divers parts, environ the temple of Diana. After you have been at Ephesus, you come to another Manteium, inhabited by the Colophonians: and within, the countrey Colophon it selfe, with the river Halesius under it. Then meet you with the noble temple of Apollo Clarius,¹⁸⁴ and Lebedos. And in this quarter smoetime was to be seene the towne Notium. The promontorie also Coryceon¹⁸⁵ is in this coast: and the mountaine Mimas, which reacheth out 250 miles,¹⁸⁶ and endeth at length in the plaines within the continent that joynd unto it. This is the place, wherein Alexander the Great commaunded a trench seven miles long and an halfe to be cut through the plaine, for to joyne two gulfes in one, and to bring Erythree and Mimas together for to be environed round therewith. Neere this cittie Erythree were sometimes the townes, Pteleon, Helos, and Dorion: now, there is the river Aleon, and the cape Corineum: upon the mount Mimas, Clazomene, Partheniæ, and Hippi called Chytophoria, having become sometime Ilands: the same, Alexander caused to be united to the firme land, for the space of two stadia. There have perished within forth and beene drowned, Daphnus, Hermesia, and Sipylum, called before-time Tantalis, notwithstandingit had beene the chiefe citie of Mœonia, situate in that place, where now is the meere or lake Sale. And for that cause Archæopolis succeeded in that preeminance, and after it Colpe, and in stead thereof Lebade. As you returne from thence toward the sea side, about twelve miles off, you come upon the cittie Smyrna, built by an Amazonite, but repaired and fortified by Alexander the Great. Situate it is pleasantly upon the river Meles, which hath his head and source not farre off. The most renowmed hills in Asia for the most part, spread themselves at large in this tract, to wit, Mastusia, on the backe side of Smyrna; and Termetis, that meeteth close to the foot of Olympus. This hill Olympus, taketh his end at the mountaine Tmolus; Tmolus at Cadmus; and Cadmus at Taurus. When you are past Smyrna, you come into certaine plaines, occasioned by the river Hermus, and therefore adopted in his name. This river hath his beginning neere unto Doryleus a citie of Phrygia, and taketh into it many other cities, and principaly Phryge, which giveth name to the whole nation, and divided Phrygia and Caria asunder. Moreover, Lyllus¹⁸⁷ and Crios, which also are bigge and great by reason of other rivers of Phrygia, Mysia, and Lydia, which enter into them. In the verie mouth of this river stood sometime the towne Temnos: but now in the utmost nouke of the gulfe, certaine stonie rockes called Myrmeeces. Also the towne Leuce upon the cape so called, sometime an Iland it was: and last of all, Phocæa, which limiteth and boundeth Ionia. But to returne unto Smyrna: the most part of Æolia, whereof we will spake anon, repaireth commonly thither to their Parliament and Assises. Likewise the Macedonians, surnamed Hircani, as also the Magnetes from Sipylum. But unto Ephesus, which is another principall and famous citie of Asia, resort those that dwell farther off, to wit, the Cæsarians, Metropolites, Cylbianes, the Myso-Macedonians, as well the higher as the lower,¹⁸⁸ the Mastaurians, Brullites, Hyppepœnians, and Dios-Hieriteæ.

Æolis, in old time called Mysia, confronteth upon Ionia: so doth Troas, which boundeth upon the coast of Hellespontus. Being then past Phocæa, you meet with the port Ascanius, and the place where sometimes Larissa stood: and now Cyme, and Myrina which loveth to be called Sebastopolis. Within the firm land, Ægæ, Attalia, Posidea, Neon-tichos and Temnos. But upon the coast, the river Titanus, and a cittie taking name thereof. The time was when a man might have seene there the cittie Grynia: but now there is but an haven, and the bare ground, by reason that the Island is taken into it, and joyned thereto. The towne Elæa is not farre from thence; and the river Caicus comming out of Mysia. Moreover, the towne Pytane, and the river Canaius. Other townes there were in old time, but they are lost and perished, namely Canæ, Lysimachia, Atarnea, Carenæ, Cisthene, Cilla, Cocillum, Thebæ, Astyre, Chrysa, Palœstepsis, Gergithos, and Neandros. Yet at this day are to be sene, the cittie Perperene, and beyond it, the tract and territorie Heracleores, the towne Coryphas, the river Gryliosolius, the quarter called Aphrodisias, before-time Politice. Orgas the countrey, and Scepsis the new.¹⁸⁹ The river Evenus, upon the banke whereof stood once Lyrmessos and Miletos, but now they are gone. In this tract is the mountaine Ida. Moreover, in the sea-coast, Adramytteos, sometime called Pedasus, where the Parliament and Tearme is holden, and whereof the gulfe is named Adramitteos. Other rivers be there besides,, to wit, Astron, Cormalos, Eryannos, Albastros, and Hieros out of Ida. Within-forth be Gargara, a towne and hill both. And then againe toward the sea side, Antandros, before-time called Edonis: then, Cymeris, and Assos, which also is Apollonia. Long since also there was a towne called Palamedium. After all these, you come upon the cape Lecton,¹⁹⁰ the middle frontier betweene Æolus and Troas. And there had been in auncient time, the cittie Polymedia, and Cryssa, with another Larissa also. As for the temple Smintheum, it remaineth still. But farther within, the towne Colone that was, is now decayed and gone, and the trafficke and negotiation in all affaires, turned from thence to Adramytteum. Now as touching the territorie of the Apolloniates, after you be past the river Rhyndicus, you find these States; the Eresians, Miletopolites, Pœmanenes, Macedonians, Aschilacæ,¹⁹¹ Polychnæi, Pionites, Cilices, and Mandagandenes. In Mysia, the Abrettines, and those called Hellespontij; besides others of base account and estimation. The first cittie you encounter in Troas, is Amaxitus: then, Cebrenia, and Troas it selfe, named sometime Antigonia, now Alexandria, and is entituled a Romane Colonie. Beyond Troas, standeth the towne Nee: there, runneth also Scamander, a river navigable: and Sigæum, a towne sometime, upon the cape so called. At length, yu come to the haven of the Greekes, into which Xanthus and Somoeis¹⁹² runne jointly together, as also Palæ-Scamander, but first it maketh a lake. The rest that Homer so much speaketh of, and namely, Rhæsius, Heptaporus, Caresus and Rhodius, there is no mention or token remaining of them.¹⁹³ As for the river Granicus, it runneth from divrse parts into the channell of Propontis. Yet there is at this day a little cittie called Scamandria: and one mile and an halfe from the port or Sea, the free cittie Ilium, that enjoieth many immunities and liberties; of which towne goeth all that great name. Without this gulfe, lieth the coast Rhœtea, inhabited with these townes upon it, namely, Rhœteum, Dardanium, and Arisbe. There stood sometimes also Acheleum, a towne neare unto the tombe of Achilles: founded first by the Mityleneans, and afterwards reedified by the Athenians upon the Bay Sigæum, under which his fleet rode at anker. There also was Acantium built by the rhodians, in another coine or canton of that coast, wherre Aiax was interred, a place thirtie stadia distant from Sigæum, and the very Bay wherein his fleet also lay at harbour. Above Æolis and one part of Troas, within the Continent and firme land, there is the towne called Teuthrania, which the Mysians in old time held. and there springeth Caicus the river abovesaid. A large countrey this is of it selfe, and especially when it was united to Mysia, and so called: containing in it Pioniæ, Andera, Cale, Stabulum, Connisium, Tegium, Balcea, Tiare, Teuthranie, Sarnaca, Haliserne, Lycide, Parthenium, Thymbrum, Oxyopum, Lygdanum, Apollonia: and Pergamus the goodliest cittie of them all by many degrees, through it passeth the river Selinus, and Cætius runneth hard under it, issuing out of the mountaine Pindasus. and not farre from thence is Elea, which as we said standeth upon the strond. And verily all that tract and jurisdiction is of that citie, named Perganena. To the parliament and judiciall Assises, there resort the Thyatyrenes, Mygdones, Mossines,, Bregmenteni, Hieracomitæ, Perpereni, Tyareni, Hierapolenses, Harmatapolites, Attalenses, Pantaenses, Apollonidenses, and other pettie cities of no name and acccount. As for Dardanium, a pretie towne it is, threescore and tenne stadia distant from Rhœteum. Eighteene myles from thence is the cape Trapeza, where the sea beginneth to rush roughly into the streight Hellespont. Eratosthenes mine author saith, That the citties of the Solymi, Leleges, Bebrices, Colycantij and Trepsedores sometime flourished, but now are utterly perished. Isidorus reporteth as much of the Arymeos and Capretæ, the very place where Apamia was built by king Seleucus, betweene Cilicia, Cappadocia, Cataonia and Arenia. And for that hee had vanquished most fierce and cruell nations, at the first hee named it Damea.¹⁹⁴

The Islands lying before little Asia, and in the Pamphylian sea. Also Rhodus, Samus, and Chios.

The first Island of Asia is just against the mouth or channell of Nilus, called Canopicus, of Canopius, (as men say) the Pilot of king Menelaus.¹⁹⁵ The second is Pharus, which is joined to Alexandria by a bridge. In old times it was a daies sailing from Ægypt to it: and now by fires from a watch-tower, saylers are directed in the night, along the coast of Ægypt. Cæsar Dictatour erected therein a Colonie. And in truth it serveth in right good steed as a Lanterne: for the havens about Alexandria be very daungerous and deceitfull, by reason of the barres and shelves in the sea: and there are but three channels & no more, by which a man may passe safely to Alexandria, to wit, Tegamum, Posideum, & Taurus. Next to that Isle, in the Phænician sea before Ioppa, lieth Paria, an Island of no great compasse, for it is all a bare towne. And this is the place, folke say, where ladie Andromeda was exposed and cast out to a monster. Moreover, Arados, the Isle beforenamed, betweene which and the Continent there is a fountaine, as Mutianus writeth, in the sea where it is fiftie cubites deepe, out of which fresh water is drawn and conveighed from the very bottome of the sea, through pipes made of leather. As for the Pamphylian sea, it hath some small Islands of little or no reckoning. In the Cicilian sea there is Cyprus, one of the five greatest in those parts, and it lieth East and West full against Cilicia and Syria. The seat it was in times past, whereunto nine kingdomes did homage, and of which they held. Timosthenes saith, That it contained in circuit foure hundred and nineteene miles and an halfe:¹⁹⁶ but Isidorus is of opinion, that it is but three hundred seventie five miles about. The full length thereof betweene the two capes, Dinaretas and Acamas, which is Southward, Artemidorus reporteth to bee a hundred and sixtie miles and a halfe: and Timosthenes two hundred, who saith besides, that sometime it was called Acamantis: according to Philonides, Cerastis: after Xenagoras, Aspelia, Amathusia, and Macaria: Astynomus calleth it Cryptos and Colinia. Townes there bee in it fifteene, Paphos, and Palæpaphos (that is Paphos the new, and Paphos the old,) Cursas, Citium, Corineum, Salamis, Amathus, Lapethos, Solœ, Tamaseus, Epidarum, Chytri, Arsinoe, Carpasium, and Golgi. There were in it besides, Cinirya, Marium, and Idalium: but now they are come to nothing. And from the cape Anemurium in Cilicia, it is fities myles distant. All that sea which lieth betweene it and Cilicia, they call Aulon Cilicium, that is to say, The plaine of Cilicia. In this tract is the Island Elaeusa: and foure others besides, even before the cape, named Clides, overagainst Syria. Likewise one more, named Stiria, at the other cape or point of Cilicia. Moreover, against Naempaphos, [i. new Paphos] the Isle Hierocepia. Against Salamis, Salaminæ. Moreover, in the Lycian sea there be Isles, Illyris, Telendos, Attelebussa, and three Cypriæ, all barren and fruitlesse: besides Dionysia, beforetime called Caretha. Moreover, against the Promontorie of Taurus, and the Chelidoniæ, hurtfull and daungerous to saylers: and besides them as many more, together with the towne Leucola, called Pactiæ, namely, Lasia, Nymphous, Macris, Megista, in which the cittie that stood, is gone. Besides these, many others there were, but of no importance. But overagainst the the cape chimera, Dolichiste, Chirogylium, Crambussa, Rhoge, Enagora, of Sidnia, which king Antiochus founded: and toward the river Glaucus; Lagusa, Macris, Didymæ, helbo, Scope, Aspis, and Telandria: howbeit, the towne in it is sunke and gone: last of all the Isle Rhodussa, next to the harbour or haven Caunus. But the fairest of all is the Isle Rhodes, a free state, and subject to none: It containeth in compasse a hundred and thirtie myles,¹⁹⁷ or if wee rather give credite to Isidorus, a hundred and three. Three great townes there bee in it well peopled, Lindus, Camirus, and Ialysus, now called Rhodes. By the account of Isidorus it is from Alexandria in Ægypt, five hundred seventie and eight myles: but according to Eratosthenes five hundred sixtie and nine: after Mutianus five hundred, and from Cyprus some foure hundred and sixteene.¹⁹⁸ Many names hath it beene knowne by in times past, to wit, Ophyusa, Asteria, Æthræa, Trinacria, Corymbia, Pœessa, Atabyria of king Atabyris: and finally, Macaria, and Oloessa. Many other Island bee subject to it, and namely Carpathus (which gave name to the sea Carpathium) Casos, Achme in times past: and Nisyros, distant from Gnidos twelve myles and a halfe, which heretofore had beene called Porphyris. And in the same raunge, Syme, betweene Rhodes and Gnidus, and is in circuit sixe and thirtie myles and an halfe. Enriched this Island is with eight commodious havens. Over and besides these, there lie about Rhodes, Cyclopis, Teganon, Cordylusa, foure under the name of Diabete: Hymos, Chalcis, wherein standeth a good towne: Seurlus, Narthecusa, Dimastos, and Progne. Being past Gnidos, yee shall discover Ciserussa, Therionarce, Calydne beautified with three townes, to wit, Notium, Nisyrus, Mendeterus: with Arconesus the Isle, wherein standeth the towne Ceramus. Upon the coast of Caria, the Islands, twentie in number, called Argiæ: besides, Hyetussa, Lepsia, and Leros. But the goodliest and most principall of all others in that coast is Cos, which lieth from Halicarnassus fifteene myles; and in compasse about, it beareth a hundred myles: as men thinke, Merope it was called: as Staphylus saith, Cos: but according to Dionysius, Meropis: and afterwards Nymphæa. This Isle is fortified with the mount Prion: and as some thinke, Nisyris the Island, named beforetime Porphyris, was of old united to this, and afterwards dismembered from it. Beyond this Island, yee may discover Carianda, with a towne in it: and not farre from Halicarnassus, Pidosus. Moreover, in the gulfe Ceramicus, Priaponesus, Hipponesus, Pyra, Mya, Lampsemandus, Passala, Crusa, Pyrrhe, Sepiussa, Melano. And within a little of the maine, another called Cinedopolis, by occasion of certaine Catamites and shamefull baggages that king Alexander the Great left there.¹⁹⁹ The coast of Ionia hath in the sea the Islands Ægeæ and Corseæ, besides Icatos, spoken of before. Also Lade, beforetime called Latæ: and among some other little ones of no worth, the two Camelides neerre to Miletus. Moreover, Mycalium, Trogyliæ, Trepsiliion, Argennon, Sardalion; and the free Island Samos, which in circuit hath fourscore and seven miles, or as Isidorus thinketh, a hundred. Aristotle writeth, how at the first it was called Parrhania, afterwards Dryusa, and then Anthemusa. Aristocritus giveth it moreover other names, to wit, Melamphyllos, yea, and Cyparissa: others tearme it Partheno-arusa, and Stephane. Rivers in it bee Imbrasus, Chesius, and Ibettes: fountaines of fresh water, Gigarto and Leucothea: but no other hils, save only Cercetius. There lie adjoining to it other Islands besides; namely, Rhypana, Nymphæa, and Achillea. Fourscore and thirteene miles from it, you may discover Chios, a free State, with a towne in it; which is an Island as renowmed every way as Samos: Ephorus by the auncient name calleth it Æthalia: Metrodorus and Cleobulus, Chia, of a certaine ladie nymph, whose name was Chio: others suppose it was so called of Chion, i. Snow: and some would have it to be Macris and Pityusa. An hill there is called Pellenæus, where the good marble is ddigged, called Cheum. The auncient Geographers have written, That it is a hundred twentie and five miles about; and Isidorus addeth nine more. Situate it is betweene Samos and Lesbos, full opposite unto the cape Erythræ. Neere unto it lie Thallusa (which some write Dapnusa,) Oenussa, Elaphites, Euryanassa, Arginussa with a towne. Now are all these about Ephesus, as also the Isles of Pisistratus, so called: and those which are named Anthinæ, to wit, Myonnesus, and Diareusa. In both these the townes that were, bee lost through water. Furthermore, the Island Poroselenæ with a town in it, Cerciæ, Halone, Commone, Illetia, Lepria, and Rhespheria, Procusæ, Bolbulæ, Phanæ, Priapos, Syce, Melane, Ænare, Sidusa, Pela, Drymusa, Anydros, Scopelos, Sycussa, Marathussa, Psile, Peritheusa, and many others of no reckoning. But among the Isles of name, is that of Teos, lying farther in the deepe sea, which hath a towne in it: and lieth from Chios fourscoure and one miles, and as much from the Bay Erythræ. Neere unto Smyrna are the Island Peristerides, Carteria, Alopece, Elæussa, Bachina, Pystira, Crommyonnesus, and Megale. And just before Troas, the Isles Ascaniæ, and three Plateæ. Then the Lamiæ, and two Plitaniæ. Moreover, the Islands Plate, Scopelos, Getone, Artheidon, Celæ, Lagussæ, & Didymæ. But the most stately of all others in this sea, is Lesbos, which lieth from Chios threescore and five miles. Named it was in times past, Hemerte, Lasia, Pelasgia, Ægira, Æthyope and Macaria: within it were eight townes of name; whereof one, namely Pyrrha, is swallowed up of the sea: and another, to wit, Arisbe, overthrowne by an earthquake. As for the Isle Methymna was peopled from Antissa, which was united to it, and wherein were eight townes, and is about seven and thirtie miles from ^† Asia the lesse. As for the townes Agamede and Hiera which were in it, gone they be now and utterly perished. Yet there remaine Eresos, Pyrrha,²⁰⁰ and Mitylenæ, which hath continued for five hundred yeeres, mightie and puissant. Isidorus saith, That this Island is in circuit about a hundred seventie and three miles:²⁰¹ but the old Geographers, a hundred ninetie and five. In it are these mountains, Lepethymus, Ordymnus, Maristus, Creon, and Olympus. Eight myles and an halfe it is from the Continent, where it lieth neerest. About this Island Lesbos, there lie neere at hand other little ones, namely, Saudalion, and the five Leucæ. Of which, Cydonea is one, wherein is a fountaine of hote water. As for Argenussæ, from thence to Ægæ is reckoned foure miles. There are besides in this coast Phellusa and Pedua. Now without Hellespont, overagainst the bay and cape Sigeum, lieth the Isle Tenedus, called sometimes Leucophrys, Phænice, and Lyrnessos. From Lesbos it is sixe and fiftie miles, and from Sigæum twelve miles and an halfe.

Let us now leave the Isles in the sea Ægeum,^†† and come to Hellespont, now called the streights of Callipolis: whereinto the maine sea gusheth with a mightie force and violence, with his gulfes and whirlpooles, digging before him a way, untill he have limitted and devided Asia from Europe. The promontorie first appearing there, wee named Trapeza. From which, tenne myles off, standeth the towne Abydum, where the streights are but seven stadia over. Beyond it is Percote the towne: and Lampsacum, called beforetime Pityusa. Moreover the Colonie Parium, which Homer named Adrastia. Moreover, the towne Priapos, the river Æsepus and the cape Zelia. Then come yee to Propontus, for so is the placed called where the sea beginneth to enlarge it selfe. Into this channel runneth the river Granicum, which maketh the haven Arrace, where once stood a towne. Beyond there is an Island, which Alexander the great joined to the Continent [by two bridges, according to Strabo]²⁰² in which standeth the towne Cyzicum, founded by the Milesians, called heretofore Arconnesos, Dolionis, and Dindymis, neere the top whereof is the mountaine Dindymus. When yee are beyond Cizycum, you met with these townes besides, Placia, Ariacos, Scylacum: & behind them, the hill Olympus, called sometime Mæsius.²⁰³ Also the cittie Olympena. The rivers Horisius and Rhyndacus, named heretofore Lycus. This river taketh his beginning in the marish or meere Artynia, neere to Miletopolis. It receiveth into it Marestos and many others, and seperateth Asia from Bithynia. This region in auncient time was called Cronia: afterward Thessalis, then Maliandra and Strymonis. All this nation of these quarters, Homer named Halizones, for that they bee environned with the sea. Therein stood in old time a mightie great cittie named Attusa. At this day fifteene cities it hath, among which is Gordiu-come, , now called Iuliopolis, and in the very coast upon the sea, Dascylos. Goe further on, and yee meet with the river Gebes: and within the maine, the towne Helgas, the same that Germanicopolis, knowne also by another name Booscœte, as also Apamea now called Myrtea of the Colophonians. Being past it, you come to the river Etheleum, the aucient limit of Troas, & where Mysia beginneth. Afterwards, you enter into the gulfe (of Bryllion) whereinto runneth the river Ascanium, upon which standeth the towne Bryllion. And beyond it you shall see the rivers Helas and Cios, together with a towne of that name. A mart towne this was, whereunto resorted the Phrygians that border neere unto it, for to trafficke and furnish themselves with merchandise: built verily it was by the Milesians, but the place whereon it stood was called Ascania of Phrygia. And therefore me thinkes we cannot doe better, than even here to speake of that countrey. Phrygia then spreadeth out above Troas and the nations beforenamed, from the cape Lectus unto the river Etheleus. It confronteth on the North side upon part of Galatia, Southward it boundeth hard to Lycaonia, Psidia, and Mygdonia. And on the East part, it reacheth to Cappadocia. The townes of greatest name, besides those before rehearsed be Ancyra, Andria, Celænæ, Colossæ, Carina, Cotiaion, Ceranæ, Iconium, and Midaion. Certaine authors I have, who write, That out of Europe there came to inhabite these parts, the Mysi, Bryges, and Thyni, of whom are descended and likewise named, the Mysians, Phygians, and Bithynians.

And even here I thinke it good to write also of Galatia, which lying higher than Phrygia, yet possesseth a greater part of the plaine countrey thereof, yea, and the capitall place of it some time called Gordium. They that inhabited and held that quarter of Phrygia, were Gaules, called Tolistobogi, Voturi, and Ambitui: but they that occupied the country of Mæonia and Paphlagonia, were named Trocmi. This region confronteth Cappadocia on the North and East side and the most plenteous and fruitfull tract thereof the Tectosages and Teutobodiaci kept in their possession. And thus much for the principall nations of this countrey. As for the States, Tetrarchies, and Regiments, there bee in all a hundred ninetie and five. The townes are these. Of the Tectosages, Ancyra: of the Trocmi, Tavium, of the Tolistobogians, Pesinus. Besides these, there be States of good account, Attalaneses, Arasenses, Comenses, Dios-hieronitæ, Lystreni, Neapoliani, Oeandenses, Seleucenses, Sebasteni, Timmoniacenses, and Tebaseni. This Galatia extendeth even as farre as to Gabalia and Milyæ in Pamphylia, which are situate about Baris: also Cyllanticum and Oroadicum, the marches of Pisidia: likewise Obigene, part of Lycaonia. Rivers there bee in it, beside those beforenamed, Sangarium and Gallus, of which river, the gelded priests of dame Cybele, mother of the gods, were named Galli. Now it resteth to speake of the townes upon the sea-coast. Yet I cannot overpasse Prusa neere to Cios, which lieth farre within the countrey of Bithynia, which Anniball founded at the foot of the hill Olympus. From Prusa to Nicæa, are counted five and twentie myles, in which way lieth the lake Ascanius betweene. then come yee to Nicæa, in the very outmost part of the gulfe Ascanium, which before was called Olbia: and to another Prusa, built under the mountaine Hippius. Once there were in this coast, Pythopolis, Parthenopolis, and Choryphanta. And now there bee upon the sea side, these rivers, Æsius, Bryazon, Plataneus, Areus, Siros, Gendos, named also Chrysorrhoas. The Promontorie also, upon which stood the towne Megaricum. Then the gulfe or arme of the sea which was called Craspedites; for that that towne beforenamed, stood as it were, in a fold, plait, or nouke thereof. Sometimes also there was the towne Astacum, whereupon the creeke tooke the name Astacenus. Moreover, in old time the towne Libyssa, by report, was planted there: where now remaineth nothing else to be seene but the tombe of Anniball.²⁰⁴ But in the inmost part of the gulfe where it endeth, there standeth the goodly cittie of Bithynia, called Nicomedia. The cape Leucatas which encloseth the gulfe Astarenus, is from Nicomedia 42 miles and an halfe.²⁰⁵ Being past this gulfe, the sea beginneth to streighten again, and the land to meet neere together: and these streights reach as far as to Bosphorus in Thracia. Upon these streights standeth the free citie Chalcedon, 72 miles and an halfe from Nicomedia. Beforetime it was called Procerastis: then, Compusa, afterwards, The citie of the Blind; for that they who founded it, being in a place but seven stadia from Bizantium, where was a seat in all respects more commodious and fit for a citie, were so blind as that they could not choose it for the plot of Chalcedon.²⁰⁶ But within the firme land of Bithynia, is the colonie Apamena: and there inhabite also, the Agrippenses, Iuliopolites, and they of Bithynium. Moreover, for rivers, ye have Syrium, Lapsias, Pharmicas, Alces, Crynis, Lylæus, Scopius, Hieras, which parteth Bithynia from Galatia. Beyond Chalcedon, stood Chrysopolis: then, Nicopolis, of which the gulfe still reteineth the name: wherein, is the haven of Amycus: the cape Naulochum: Estia, wherein is the temple of Neptune: and the Bosphorus, a streight halfe a mile over, which now once againe parteth Asia and Europea. From Chalcedon, it is twelve miles and an halfe. There beginneth the sea to open wider, where it is eight miles and quarter over: in that place where stood once the towne Philopolis. All the maritime coasts are inhabited by the Thyni, but the inland parts by the Bithynians. Lo here an end of Asia, and of 282 nations, which are reckoned from the limits and gulfe of Lycia, unto the streights of Constantinople. The space of the streights of Hellespont and Propontis togither, untill you come to Bosphorus in Thracia, containeth in length 188 miles, as we have before said. From Chalcedon to Sigeum, by the computation of Isidorus, are 372 miles and an halfe. Ilands lying in Propontis before Cyzicum, are these, Elaphonnesus, from whence ccommeth the Cyzicen marble; and the same Ile was called Neuris, and Proconnesus. then follow Ophyüsa, Acanthus, Phœbe, Scopelos, Porphyrione, and Halone, with a towne. Moreover, Delphacia, and Polydora: also Artacæon, with the towne. Furthermore, over-against Nicomedia, is Demonnesos: likewise, beyond Heraclea, just against Bithynia, is Thynnias which the Barbarians call Bithynia. Over and besides, Antiochia: and against the fosse or river Rhyndacus, Besbicos, 18 miles about. Last of all, Elæa, two Rhodussæ, Erebinthus, Magale Chalcitis, and Piryodes.

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NOTES

1. "Castles and forts": rendering castella: that is, they do not live in walled cities.

2. Two provinces: Dio says that Claudius divided Mauritania into two provinces; Hardouin suggests that Caius contemplated the move and that it was completed by Claudius. Ptolemy says that Caius slaughtered Ptolemy the son of Juba: hence, probably, the "cruelty" (saevitia); see Sect. 11.

4. Tangier built by Antaus: or, says Plutarch, by his son, although Antaus is buried there: Sertorius, Chap. 9.

5. Traducta Julia: some suppose Pliny to be in error here. Hardouin has a long note on the problem(s) and solution.

6. Kings of Zilis: the editions of Holland's day read (something like) colonia Augusti Iulia Constantia, Zilis, regum dicioni exempta. Most people took this to mean two colonies, Iulia Constantia and Zilis; Holland puts Zilis with regum. In any case, there was one colony, Iulia Constantia Zulil -- now Arzilla (as in "Al Zulil"); the kings those of Mauritania.

7. 32 miles: here follows the customary warnings on numbers in Pliny. Consult a good critical edition if they're important to you, because they vary from reading to reading of the text. I annotate the variant readings only when they interest me for some reason. This one should probably be 35, but the editions of Holland's day say 32. (II and V are easily confused in manuscript.)

8. Altar of Hercules: (and on the "lies of the Greekes" that follows), see Strabo, 17.3.3

10. Flashes of fires...revels of satyrs: Brotier's 1779 edition cites here the Travels in Barbary and the Levant of Thomas Shaw (1738) (he cites the French translation), p. 7: "If we conceive a number of Hills, usually of the perpendicular Height of four, five, or six Hundred Yards, with an easy Ascent, and several Groves of Fruit and Forrest-Trees, rising up in a Succession of Ranges one behind another; and if to this Prospect, we here and there add a rocky Precipice of a superiour Eminence and difficult Access, and place upon the Side, or Summit of it, a mud-walled Dashkrah or Village of the Kabyles; we shall then have a just and lively Idea of these Mountains, without giving Heed to the nocturnal Flames, melodious Sounds, or the lascivious Revels of such imaginary Beings, as the Antients have in a peculiar Manner attributed to this Place."

12. Massalians: ? Sc. Masati, or Masatians. Not sure where Holland got this one.

13. Gaetuliandars: that is, the Gaetulian Daras, or perhaps the Gaetulians who are Daras (as opposed to other sorts of Gaetulians).

* [It seemeth that this clause is to be set in the beginning of the next chapter.] [Thus Holland, without explanation. It seems perfectly reasonable to put it here. Cf. sect. 2 and sect. 5.

15. Ger: thus the editions of Holland’s day, until Hardouin restored Ger out of the manuscripts and Ptolemy.

16. Canarii because they feed with dogs: “Nempe,” inquit Harduinus, “caninæ carnis, unde Canarii, sive Κυναφάγοι appellati sunt”, which puts in rather a different light.

18. Tingitaniae: thus the old editions of Pliny, which here read Tingitaniae.

19. Province: that is, Mauretania (not Tingitana, but both Tingitana and Caesariensus). "Province" is a gloss on the text, provided by the Latin editions of Holland's day; Pliny says "the Moors, whence the name, ...".

21. Banurri: thus Hermolaus and editions that follow him; Hardouin out of the manuscripts, Baniuræ.

24. Rusardie: thus the editions of Pliny's day. Hardouin corrects to Rusadir. Cf. sect. 9, where the town is called Risadir in Holland's translation.

25. Siga: There are some arguments over exactly where Siga was. One thing is clear, however: if we are moving eastward, as in general we are, then Siga must be east of the "Malvana". The implication of "over against Malaga" (ex adverso Malacae in Hispania) is that Malaga is the closest point of Spain, or at least a close point in Spain, or possibly that it lies in some direct geographical line. None of these is true. Siga would seem to lie "over against" the Charidemus promontory, by modern ways of thinking, and is considerably east-southeast of Malaga.

27. Gunugi: Thus Gelenius; most editions of Holland's day, Gunugii; sc. Gunugu.

28. Cæsarea...liberties of Latium. This is almost certainly a mistranslation. Rather, "Cæsarea ... endowed by Clausius with the franchises and righs of a Colonie. The New Town, where the same emperor established a colony of veterans; and Tipasa, given the liberties of Latium ". (It's not entirely clear whether it's "New Town" or Tipasa that was given the liberties of Latium, but the latter seems more likely.)

29. Icosium: identified, notably by d'Anville, with Zershel (which is probably Cæsarea Iol, on archeological, geograhpical, and phonetic grounds) until archeological evidence established that Icosium stood where Algiers is now.

30. Rusoezus: Rusazus in most of the editions of Holland's day; I do not know where he came by the "oe".

33. Succubar, Tubrisuptus: Succubar is the reading of the 1524 Cologne edition of Pliny; the manuscripts have Succabar. Tubrisuptus seems to be Holland's own mistake (or his printer's) for Tubusuptus.

34. Sardabala and Nabar: following (among others) Hermolaus and Dalechamps, reading "Sarabala, Nabar" for "Sardabal Aves Nabar". Hardouin restored the missing river.

37. Surnamed of Cirtanes: rather, having the surname "Sittianorum". Cf. Mela, "Cirta procul a mari, nunc Sittianorum colonia: quondam regum donus : sed cum Syhacis foret, opulentissima".

39. Hipppo rased: that is a literal translation of Hippo Dirutum. But see the immediately following sentence. Hardouin notes "Incolae inquit quum Graece nesciant, dirutum vocant, pro Diarrhytum. Hanc vocem dirutum libri omnes miro consensu exhibent ... Διαῤῥυτὸν hoc est irriguum, propter aquarum irrigua. Paludem Hipponensem describit Plinius Iun. L. IX. ep. ad Caninium" (IX.33).

40. Utica...Cato: Now Biserte. On Cato, see Florus II.xiii; Plutarch, Cato the Younger gives a long account of his death in Utica.

42. Kings: Hardouin, citing Eutropius , IV.11, believes these are the sons of Massanissa, or some of them (there were 44), particularly Miscipa.

43. At one time of the yeere onely: Holland's (unjustified) interpolation, not in the Latin. Read instead "By land also thither, the way is passeable by observation of the Starres and lyeth through desert sands and places full of serpents". Hardouin believed Pliny was describing the journey from inland Africa to Syrtes Minor. Bostock's English edition cites Marcus, saying that Pliny "pretty clearly" meant the route following the seacoast, but that does not fit with the remark that the route can be followed only by observation of the stars -- i.e., there are no landmarks and the traveller is reduced to navigating by the stars, as on the sea: that is, he's in a desert. There's no need for navigating by the stars if one is following a coastline. But the above description of Zeugitana and Byzacium, through which one would pass in travelling in a straight line from Carthage to the Syrtes, leaves some doubt of whether Pliny means them, either, since they can hardly be thought of as absolute desert. Adding to the confusion, Pliny in the following sections strikes inland. Altogether a difficult passage.

45. Diomedes: I do not know where Holland got this one. The textual variants include "comedis", "hiscomedis", "iscomedis", "codemis". Hardouin cites Ptolemy, lib. IV, cap. 5, Λυκομήδες λίμνη, "sed alieno, ut videtur, situ". Modern editions read Lycomedis (whether rightly or wrongly; it seems close enough to me).

46. Ocensus: sc. Oeensus for Oea. Ptolemy, IV, 3 Ἑῶα. It may be modern Tunis and if not is certainly nearby.

47. Cinyps: Κίνυψ: See Herodotus, 4.175, 4.198, 5.42; Pomponius Mela, I.32; Cinyps, at Livius.org, for pictures of the modern site. Ptolemy, IV.3 calls the river Cinyphs: Κίνυφος ποταμὸς.

48. Neapolis: Hardouin warns us to beware confusing this with the Neapolis mentioned above and adds “Quae [that is, this Neapolis] nunc Tripolis dicitur, Tripoli de Barbariae, regni cognominis caput.” Taphra: Hardouin, citing Ptolemy 4.3, who places Γαράφα λιμνὴν between Neapolis and Oea, wants to emend this to Gaphara. Scylax refers to it as Γράφαρα (twice), but Hardouin thinks this is a typo. Few, if any, editors have adopted this suggestion. Abrotonum: thus some manuscripts and Hermolaus; or Habrotonum, if we follow Scylax. The other Leptis: that is, Leptis Magnis, alleged to be Lebida. Procopius, VI.4, Ptolemy, l.c., Pomponius Mela, l.c..

49. 313 miles: sc. 312. I do not know where Holland got 313; probably misread the number.

50. Lotophagi: Scylax's Λωτοφάγοι Λίβες, "qui loto vescebantur", says Hardouin; see also Book XIII on the lotos tree and those who eat it. Alachroas: thus all manuscripts, as "men who are the color of the sea". But Ptolemy IV.3 mentions Μάχρυες as living hereabouts, and Pliny VII mentions Machlyes Μάχλυας living near here. Herodotus, 4.178, cited (more or less accurately) by Hardouin, also mentions Μάκλυας as living hereabouts: "Λωτοφάγων δὲ τὸ παρὰ ϑάλασσαν ἔχονται Μάχλυες, λωτῷ μὲν καὶ οὗτοι χρεώμενοι — κατήκουσι δ᾽ ἐπὶ ποταμὸν μέγαν, τῷ οὔνομα Τρίτων ἐσὶν." Mayhoff opts for Machroas.

51. Of sand are they: the altars, of course. On the Philaena brothers and the altars, see Pomponius Mela, I.38 and I.28. See also Valerius Maximus, V.6.ext.4; Sallust, Bell. Iugurth. II.79 (and II.19).

52. Pallantias: after Minerva. Leaving aside the vexing question of where the ancients believed the lake to be, the Triton/Minerva connection is an odd one. According to Festus, the epithet "Tritogenia" because it was on the banks of the Triton that she was first seen.

53. 26 States: thus editions prior to Hardouin, who notes that the manuscripts available to him have DXVI, "qui numerus fidem omnem superat". Broterus notes that the number is perhaps too high but he nevertheless keeps the manuscript reading. "States" for "populos"; "tribes" or "nations" or possibly "towns" might be better.

54. 6 Colonies: Utina, Tuburbis, Cirta, Sicca, Carthage, and Maxulla. Utina and Tuburbis are mentioned by Ptolemy and both were episcopal cities before the Islamic conquest of North Africa.

55. Chilmanense: the readings vary here. Hardouin (following Hermolaus, who had made the same argument) cites Ptolemy's Κίλμα to justify Chilmanense, not found in the manuscripts. Mayhoff reads Chiniavense.

59. Arolitanum: I am not able to trace this reading, possibly a typo for the more usual Acolitanum. Acholitanum (or Acholla) might be better: Strabo XVII.3.12: Ἀχόλλα ἐλεύθεραι πόλεις.

60. Avinense: thus all editions of Holland's day. Hardouin suggests that it may be the same town that others call Vinense. Hermolaus, following Ptolemy, suggests Avittense from Ἀουΐττα "a town between Tabraca and the river Bagrad".

61. Madaurense: following Hermolaus's reading rather than the usual Materense. Hardouin, noting that we can accept Materense with the greatest faith, objects to Hermolaus's reading in terms relatively restrained, for a classicist.

62. Tiricense Tiphicense: thus Holland, following (more or less) the editions of his day. There is no manuscript authority for the Tiricense, although, as you might guess, manuscripts are a mess at this point. For Tiphicense there are variant readings too.

63. Natatondes: I can't trace this one. Usually Natabutes, Natabutae, etc.

64. Misulani: following the reading of the Gelenius (1554) edition for the usual Musulami. Gelenius cites Ptolemy IV.3 Μισούλαμοι. Cf. Tacitus Annales II.52, "Mussulamiorum".

65. Misives: apparently a typo for Nisives, itself a Hermolaus reading for Nicives, following Ptolemy's Νίσιβες.

66. Ethini: or Cinithi. The reading Ethini occurs in one of the major manuscripts and was adapted by most editions. Cinithi (or variants) occurs in others and is supported by Ptolemy IV.3 Κνίθιος and by Tacitus, loc. cit., who says they are neighbors of the Musulami.

67. Massini: read Mussini or Musuni. Ptolemy Μουσουνοὶ. I'm not sure where Holland came up with Massini, but presume the "a" is merely a typo.

68. Hammon: The famous oracle now usually referred to as that of "Jupiter Ammon"; Herodotus identifies Ammon and Jove/Jupiter/Zeus, 2.42. See Q. Curtius IV.7.5.

69. Fountain of the Sun: cf. Pliny II.228. There is a fountain of the Sun "in the Troglodytes' territory" and (possibly the same? see Pomponius Mela, I.34) a fountain of Apollo or of Jupiter Ammon (see Herodotus, 4.158) whose name, Κύρη, is possibly the origin of Cyrene and in turn Cyrenaica. The boundaries of Troglodytia are not clear.

70. Above-mentioned Hesperides: in section 3. Cf. Ammian, XXII.16.4, In Pentapoli Libya Cyrene est posita, urbs antiqua sed deserta, quam Spartanus condidit Battus, et Ptolomais et Arsinoe eademque Teuchira et Darnis et Berenice, quas Hesperidas appellant.

71. 385 miles: thus the editions of Holland's day. Hardouin, following manuscripts and Martianus Capella VI.672, corrects to 375.

72. Ptolemais, called Barce: Thus Strabo, XVII.3.20. But Ptolemy, IV.4 makes them two cities, Ptolemais on the coast, Barce inland. It seems probable that Ptolemais was founded as the port of Barce.

73. 250 miles: thus the editions of Holland's day; clearly an absurdity. Hardouin restores 40 from the manuscripts.

74. Ararauceles: the manuscripts have Acrauceles and variants. Broterus corrected to Ararauceles from Ptolemy, IV.4 and most editions followed him. Mayhoff, Acrauceles.

75. Mesammones: as though from μέσος and ἄμμος. Bochart suggests rather an origin in Hebrew with the meaning "men of Ammon".

82. Nation Bubeium, towne Vel: almost certainly a mistranslation: "Bubeium natio vel oppidum", "The nation or town of Bubeium" (or "of the Bubeians").

84. Lying one to another together: that is, in the procession. Probably. The Latin is not very clear.

85. Gyri... Titus. A mistranslation, seemingly occasioned by "titulus" and Holland's forgetting that this is the description of a triumph, not a geographical description. "The hill Gyri, preceded by a placard stating that this was where gems were found."

87. 12 miles: Because this reading is clearly in error, editors have suggested emending for XII, LXII or LXII·D. Probably 62 or thereabouts.

88. 1630 miles. Reading with Dalechamps XXX. Hardouin, XXVIII. Mayhoff, LXXXVIII; other editions have XXIX.

89. 35, 25: Hardouin reads 25, 22: "Ita MSS. omnes: non, ut editi, XXXV. Et mox, XXII. non XXV.".

** Or 1500 paces, i. a mile and a halfe. [Some manuscripts and early editions read 200. Mayhoff says that editions before Hardouin read 200, but Broterus says that the editio princeps has 1500.]

91. Ægineti: 1601 has here a mark for a note, but no note. Cf. Virgil, Aeneid I.109 and the commentary of Servius; Strabo, II.5.19 and VI.2.11.

92. Leucæthiopes: thus Hermolaus, from Ptolemy's IV.6 Λευκαιϑίοπες, for the Plinian Leucoe Æthiopes.

ἀλλ’ ὁ μὲν Αἰϑίοπας μετεκίαθε τηλόθ’ ἐόντας,
Αἰϑίοπας, τοὶ διχϑὰ δεδαίαται, ἔσχατοι ἀνδρῶν,
οἱ μὲν δυσομένου Ὑπερίονος, οἱ δ’ ἀνιόντος,
ἀντιόων ταύρων τε καὶ ἀρνειῶν ἑκατόμβης

95. Mavin: Chifflet (and Mayhoff, who says "va S", meaning "older editions before the 1851 edition, read Mavin", clearly not accurate if Hardouin is to be believed) Magium.

96. Gnashing noise: stridor non vox; in context, perhaps “hissing” would be better than “gnashing”. Herodotus, however, IV.183 says that it is squeaky, another meaning of stridor. A note in the Bostock & Riley translation points out some contemporary evidence: “As some confirmation of this account, it is worthy of remark, that the Rock Tibboos of the present day, who, like the ancient Troglodytæ, dwell in caves, have so peculiar a kind of speech, that it is compared by the people of Aujelah to nothing but the whistling of birds.”

97. Worship but devils: the translation is perhaps a bit tendentious. Cf. Mela, 1.39, “Augilae manes tantum deos putant...”.

98. Paintings: As half-men, half goats. The Ægipans are also mentioned in Chap. I of this book.

100. 8800 miles: thus Dalechamps. Readings vary widely here, where, as often in passages with numbers, the manuscripts are probably corrupt. Hardouin, 6375. Mayhoff, 5013.75.

102. Nitrites: thus the edition of Gelenius (1554) following Hermolaus; other editions have Metelites and variants on that.

103. Oasitæ: Holland has Ouasitæ. Some manuscripts easitae. Mayhoff says that editions prior to Hardouin have oeasitae. Hardouin says that Dalechamps has ouacitae. Strabo, XVII.1.6 and II.5.33 has αὐάσεις. "Oasis", clearly.

104. In it fishes...seen: this translation relies on the punctuation and an editorial interprolation of editions of Holland's day ("praepostere", says Hardouin in all justice): Ibi pisces reperiuntur alabetaæ, coracini, siluri, crocodilus quoque. Inde ob argumentum hoc Nili ortus creditus, Cæsareæ in Iseo dicatus ab eo spectatur hodie. It is the crocodile brought from the lake that was consecrated in the at Cæsareæ in Iseum; it (and the fishes) were held as proof that the lake is the source of the Nile.

105. With Mauritania Cæsariensis: that is, in (or within) Mauritania Cæsariensis.

106. Siris: following the reading of Hermolaus; but the manuscripts have Giris.

107. Homer: Odyssey IV.477. Heyschius' commentary says that Ægyptus is the river, from which the region has recently taken its name.

108. Triton: because, says Tzetzes, it has borne three names: Oceanus; then Aetus or Aquila; and then Ægyptus (we're still talking here about the river, not the region).

111. And the least ... Pharsalian warre...Pompey: Holland reads miniumque for minium quinque and the remainder of the translation is obscure: read "and the least was 5 cubits, in the year of the battle of Pharsalia, as if the very rriver by that prodigious token abhorred to see the murder of Pompey the Great".

112. Four islands Philæ: this is a difficult passage. There is only one island Philæ; the text reads "et ex adverso insula Philæ IIII". Some editions delete the "IIII"; others make "insula" "insulæ". Mayhoff inserts "est" after "Philæ" and makes "IIII" "IIII"; Hardouin in a note says that the IIII is 4,000 p. ("hoc est, insula quatuor millium passum ambitu, uti Syene peninsula mille tantum") but does not insert "est".

113. Sixteen miles above Syene: clearly something is wrong here, since (1) Pliny has already told us that Syene is the utmost reach of Egypt and (2) Elephantis is in fact opposite Syene. It has been suggested that Pliny meant to write here Philae rather than Syene.

*** i. The cittie of Jupiter. [Διὸς πὸλις μεγάλη, αἰ Θῆβαι says Ptolemy, IV.5.]

116. These townes of Mercury...Hercules: Holland seems to understand the following two towns as being "of Mercury". Rather, there is a town of Mercury, Hermupolis, as well as the fourth city of Hercules, already mentioned in section 50.

117. Libyan coast: here as elsewhere, "Libyan" means "west of the Nile". East of the Nile is "Arabian".

118. Labyrinth: not in the lake (although that seems to be what Pliny writes), but next to it, near Arsinoes. See Herodotus, II.148, and the note by How & Wells on the Perseus website.

119. Crialon: Hardouin suggests that this may be Pliny's mistake for Crocodilon, Κροκοδέιλςν πόλις, mentioned by Herodotus, loc. cit. as being near the Labyrinth. A note in Bostock & Riley suggests that if the name is not an error, it could be from κριός, a town dedicated to the worship of rams. Perhaps, but the word would seem an unusual formation.

^† or Rhacobes. [Sc. Rhacotes, correcting the mss from Strabo and Stephanus, ῾Ραχὼτης. Cf. Tacitus Histories IV.84, Rhacotis.]

122. Thirty miles over: Holland skips a clause here: "thirty miles over, and 150 miles around" (or 250 miles, as Mayhoff reads).

124. Bastard mouths: false mouths (Pliny's "ora falsa", Ψευδοστόματα).

125. Phanuiticum: Manuscript readings vary here. Mayhoff reads Phatmiticum. Hardouin argues for Phatniticum, citing Strabo. Phanuiticum is Holland's misreading.

128. Scenite: Holland has Screnite. Cf. Book VI, sect. 151. Ammian, XXII.15.2.

130. Gulf of Elani: the gulf of Akabah. The text may have a problem here. Mayhoff, citing Book VI ss. 156 and 165, emends to Laeaniticus vel Aelaniticus; the readings including laelaniticus, lelaniticus, laenaliticus, and, in the 1554 Basil edition and those that follow it (including Holland), Aelaniticus.

133. Coele Syria: Pliny writes simply Coele; Coelesyria is understood (and supplied by Holland). "Hollow Syria", roughly, the valley between the Lebanon and Antilebanon ranges — the Bekaa Valley.

134. Adiabene, Assyria: See Ammian XXIII.vi.20. Adiabene, paraphrases Hardouin, was the noblest part of Assyria, containing the cities of Ninus, Arbela, and Gaugamela. See also Book VI sections 41 ff.

135. Zeugma: Holland has Zeugina. I do not know where he got this, if it is not a simple mistake.

137. Astrologie: Pliny's "ars siderum": both astrology and astronomy, but probably more the latter, especially as it relates to navigation. Cf. Propertius II.27.

138. Rhinocolura: Seneca says, de Ira III, XX, Sic rex Persarum totius populi nares recidit in Syria, unde Rhinocolura loco nomen est. Diodorus Siculus says much the same thing, ascribing the cutting-off of noses instead to the Ethiopian kings. Hardouin notes that Ptolemy IV.5 and Stephanus (and the Septuagint translation of Isaiah 27:12) have ῾Ρινοκόρουρα.

139. Angoris: editions (except for the editio princeps) had Angaris prior to Hardouin, who restores Argaris. Angoris is a Holland (or printer) mistake.

140. Iopppe ... before the deluge: Pomponius Mela, I.55: est Iope ante diluvium ut ferunt condita.... Now Jaffa.

141. Andromeda: until Perseus rescued her. Josephus Bell. Jud. III.9.3 says that in his day the chains (or at least the marks that they left) could be seen. The bones of the monster, says Pliny Book IX, were exhibited in Rome by Marcus Scaurus, who had them brought from Jaffa. Holland's interpretation of "vinculorum" is perhaps a bit broad.

142. Decreto: The Gelenius edition has Derceto (Decreto is Holland's error) for Ceto in this passage, although the two may be the same thing. See also sect. 81.

144. Maxbota: Holland's gloss, apparently from Josephus Bel. Jud. IV.8.1, Μαβαρθὰ, according to TLG; or Maxbora in some Latin translations.

145. Peræa: Cf. Josephus Bell. Jud. II.20.4 καὶ τῆς ὑπὲρ Ἰορδάνην Περαίας.

146. Betholene, Tephenæ: Read rather Bethleptephon. Cf. Josephus Bel. Jud. IV.8.1, Τὴν Βευλεπτηφῶν τοπαρχίαν. And Herodium with an illustrious city of the same name is then the tenth toparchy, not a separate prinicipalitie. Cf. Bel. Jud. III.3.5.

149. Took its name from Bitumen: that is from the Greek equivalent Ἄσπηαλτος.

150. No living body: Holland’s expansion of Pliny’s “no body”, after Aristotle (“ut fabulatur”) Meteorol. II. See Strabo XVI; Josephus Bell. Jud. IV.8.4.

151. Machærus: See Josephus Ant. Jud. XVIII.5.1. Callirhoe: Josephus Ant. Jud XVII.6.5, . Its Greek name Καλλιρόη (Jos.) Καλλιῤῥόη (Ptolem. V.15), “beautiful flow” “importeth praise and commendation” of its springs.

152. The Esseni live along the west coast: following the reading in the editions of Holland’s day, Ab occidente littora Esseni habitant. Hos fugitant usquequaque nocentes.

153. Josephus Bel. Jud. II chap. 8 says that Essenes recruited children who seemed to fit the bill. Josephus also writes that some parts of the Essenes regarded it as a duty to marry.

154. Damascus and Opotos: reading with the editions of his day Damaseum et Opoton riguas amne Chrysorrhoa; emended to Damaseum ex epoto riguis amne Chrysorrhoa

156. Pelus, or Belus, and its sand; see Josephus Bel. Jud. II.10.2; Strabo 16.2.25; Tacitus Histories 5.7.

158. Luhydra, Sarepta: some editions of Holland’s day: Evhydra, Sarepta. Hardouin notes that this is not justified by the manuscript readings or by Strabo.

161. 83 miles: Thus some of the editions of Holland’s day. Some manuscripts and the editio princeps have 584. “Majorem numerum postulat locorum situs” [Brot.].

163. Cæsar-Augustani: “Ex duobus oppidis unicum hoc loco conflarunt Plinii editores, dum scribi jussere, qui nunc Cæaraugustani.” Read rather Cæsarea, Augusta.

165. Isaura: Strabo 14 pag. 665 mentions the city Isaura, which was destroyed in about 78 B.C., and the “region” Isaura, 14. pag. 668. It seems to have been for most of its spotty history rather more a piratical stronghold than a “country” in the usual sense.

168. Tembassa: we are told that editions before Frobenius (1575) read Thebasa, as do modern editions. Dalechamps Terbasa perhaps following Strabo Ταρβασσὸν out of Artemidorus, 12.7.2.

169. Sinda: thus Hermolaus out of Strabo in the location cited in the note immediately above, for the Hyde or (probably correct) Ide of most editions and manuscripts.

170. Great gulf: Presently the Gulf of Adalia. Readings in the editions of Pliny vary here; the one Holland translates has a period “unde vastus sinus. Taurus mons” (vs. “unde vastum sinum Taurus mons” or other variants).

171. Sydinia: Holland’s or the typesetter’s error for Sidyma? A few words later, Holland has Ciagus for Cragus.

174. 300 miles wide: read 320 miles wide; apparently a Holland mistake or misreading.

175. Calydua: a mistake for Hermolaus’s reading Calydna; however, Ptolemy, Stephanus, Herodotus etc. have Κάλυνδα and variants. Read Calynda.

177. Orga: following Hermolaus Barbarus’s reading out of Strabo for Orba of Pliny or his editions.

178. 60 small townes: I am not aware of the source of Holland’s number 60. Read instead nine.

179. Thenbanis: that is, Thebais. Editions have Thebai[t|d]es. Not sure when Thebanis.

182. Lorenes: Loreni was supplied here from various of the very early editions, prior to Hardouin.

184. Apollonius Clarius: See Tacitus Annals II.54 on this oracle and its priest.

187. Lyllum: read Hyllum. This seems to be a Holland error; I cannot do not see this reading elsewhere.

188. Cylbianes, Mysomacedonians as well the higher as the lower: Holland’s translation follows the pointing of editions of his day, which had “Cilbiani, inferiores et superiores Mysomacedones”. Read rather both the higher and the lower Cilbianes, the Myso-macedonians etc.

189. Politice. Orgas the country, and Scepsis the new.: Read rather Politice Orgas. The district of Scepsis..... Holland interjects “the new” from his own knowledge; it is not in Pliny. Old Scepsis (“Palæscepsis”) was about 7 miles away from new Scepsis.

190. Lecton: “Leolon” in the text, which must be a mistake of Holland or his typographer.

191. Macedonians, Aschilacæ: Or the Aschilacean (or Asculacean) Macedonians. We have had previously in this book the Caduene Macedonians, Hircanian Macedonians, and Myso-Macedonians.

194. Damea: as if from the (assumed) δαμάω, to subdue, conquer, make subject, etc.

196. 419 miles and an halfe: the readings vary here: 417, 427, 428, or 429 (but not, so far as I can find, 419), plus the half.

198. For the variant readings of distances in this passage see, for instance, the edition of Mayhoff. The last figure, however, seems to be Holland’s mistake: for 416 miles from Cyprus to Rhodes, read rather 176 (or 166 or 266, depending on the edition you are following).

199. Cinedopolis: or Cinaedopolis, as from Greek Κίιναιδος. Pliny seems to be the only source for this story.

200. Pyrrha: Hardouin, citing Strabo pag. 618, says this is the suburbs of the city Pyrrha that Pliny has just said was swallowed up by the sea. Though Strabo says that the original Pyrhha has been rased to the ground, not that it was lost to the sea.

201. 173 miles: Mayhoff says this is an error in the Lyons (1563) edition. (Many of Holland’s readings follow the Gelenius Basil edition of 1554.) Read 168 miles.

203. Mæsius: thus the Lyons edition. Sc. Mysius. “Potest et Mœsius scribi” says Hardouin.

204. Tomb of Hannibal: cf. Plutarch Flaminius 20. Belon, De admirabili operum antiquorum... (1553) I.13, says the tomb was still extant, Monumentorum etiamnum circa Nicomediam infinitus ferè cernitur numerus, in quis Hannibalis sepulchrum vidi in Lybissa Bithyniæ urbe, quæ nunc Diacibe vocatur etc.